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Retrieving relevant contexts from a large corpus is a crucial step for tasks such as open-domain question answering and fact checking. Although neural retrieval outperforms traditional methods like tf-idf and BM25, its performance degrades…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Jean Maillard , Vladimir Karpukhin , Fabio Petroni , Wen-tau Yih , Barlas Oğuz , Veselin Stoyanov , Gargi Ghosh

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has demonstrated strong effectiveness in knowledge-intensive tasks by grounding language generation in external evidence. Despite its success, many existing RAG systems are built based on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Lichang Song , Ting Long , Yi Chang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a crucial framework in natural language processing (NLP), improving factual consistency and reducing hallucinations by integrating external document retrieval with large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Youngjoon Jang , Seongtae Hong , Junyoung Son , Sungjin Park , Chanjun Park , Heuiseok Lim

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by incorporating external knowledge to generate a response within a context with improved accuracy and reduced hallucinations. However, multi-modal RAG systems face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Matin Mortaheb , Mohammad A. Amir Khojastepour , Srimat T. Chakradhar , Sennur Ulukus

This work compares concept models for cross-language retrieval: First, we adapt probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (pLSA) for multilingual documents. Experiments with different weighting schemes show that a weighting method favoring…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2014-01-13 Benjamin Roth

Previous studies have shown the efficacy of knowledge augmentation methods in pretrained language models. However, these methods behave differently across domains and downstream tasks. In this work, we investigate the augmentation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Pedram Hosseini , David A. Broniatowski , Mona Diab

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) augments Large Language Models (LLMs) with external knowledge to improve factuality. However, existing RAG systems frequently underutilize the retrieved documents, failing to extract and integrate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Hao Chen , Yukun Yan , Sen Mei , Wanxiang Che , Zhenghao Liu , Qi Shi , Xinze Li , Yuchun Fan , Pengcheng Huang , Qiushi Xiong , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (MRAG) has shown promise in mitigating hallucinations in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) by incorporating external knowledge. However, existing methods typically adhere to rigid retrieval…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Chunyi Peng , Zhipeng Xu , Zhenghao Liu , Yishan Li , Yukun Yan , Shuo Wang , Yu Gu , Minghe Yu , Ge Yu , Maosong Sun

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems rely on retrieval models for identifying relevant contexts and answer generation models for utilizing those contexts. However, retrievers exhibit imperfect recall and precision, limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Jerry Huang , Siddarth Madala , Risham Sidhu , Cheng Niu , Hao Peng , Julia Hockenmaier , Tong Zhang

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized machine learning and related fields, showcasing remarkable abilities in comprehending, generating, and manipulating human language. However, their conventional usage through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Andrea Bacciu , Florin Cuconasu , Federico Siciliano , Fabrizio Silvestri , Nicola Tonellotto , Giovanni Trappolini

Commonsense reasoning (CSR) requires the model to be equipped with general world knowledge. While CSR is a language-agnostic process, most comprehensive knowledge sources are in few popular languages, especially English. Thus, it remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Yuwei Fang , Shuohang Wang , Yichong Xu , Ruochen Xu , Siqi Sun , Chenguang Zhu , Michael Zeng

Generative retrieval for search and recommendation is a promising paradigm for retrieving items, offering an alternative to traditional methods that depend on external indexes and nearest-neighbor searches. Instead, generative models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Gustavo Penha , Ali Vardasbi , Enrico Palumbo , Marco de Nadai , Hugues Bouchard

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a framework for incorporating external knowledge, usually in the form of a set of documents retrieved from a collection, as a part of a prompt to a large language model (LLM) to potentially improve…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Fangzheng Tian , Debasis Ganguly , Craig Macdonald

A fundamental ability of humans is to utilize commonsense knowledge in language understanding and question answering. In recent years, many knowledge-enhanced Commonsense Question Answering (CQA) approaches have been proposed. However, it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-06 Ning Bian , Xianpei Han , Bo Chen , Le Sun

In simple open-domain question answering (QA), dense retrieval has become one of the standard approaches for retrieving the relevant passages to infer an answer. Recently, dense retrieval also achieved state-of-the-art results in multi-hop…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Georgios Sidiropoulos , Nikos Voskarides , Svitlana Vakulenko , Evangelos Kanoulas

Although information access systems have long supported people in accomplishing a wide range of tasks, we propose broadening the scope of users of information access systems to include task-driven machines, such as machine learning models.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Hamed Zamani , Fernando Diaz , Mostafa Dehghani , Donald Metzler , Michael Bendersky

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) utilizes external knowledge to augment Large Language Models' (LLMs) reliability. For flexibility, agentic RAG employs autonomous, multi-round retrieval and reasoning to resolve queries. Although recent…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Chao Zhang , Yuhao Wang , Derong Xu , Haoxin Zhang , Yuanjie Lyu , Yuhao Chen , Shuochen Liu , Tong Xu , Xiangyu Zhao , Yan Gao , Yao Hu , Enhong Chen

Built upon the existing analysis of retrieval heads in large language models, we propose an alternative reranking framework that trains models to estimate passage-query relevance using the attention scores of selected heads. This approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Yuqing Li , Jiangnan Li , Mo Yu , Guoxuan Ding , Zheng Lin , Weiping Wang , Jie Zhou

The paper presents a methodology for uncovering knowledge gaps on the internet using the Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) model. By simulating user search behaviour, the RAG system identifies and addresses gaps in information retrieval…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Joan Figuerola Hurtado

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing (NLP), enabling diverse applications by integrating large-scale pre-trained knowledge. However, their static knowledge limits dynamic reasoning over external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Harshad Khadilkar , Abhay Gupta
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