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Federated learning (FL) represents a novel paradigm to machine learning, addressing critical issues related to data privacy and security, yet suffering from data insufficiency and imbalance. The emergence of foundation models (FMs) provides…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Xi Li , Songhe Wang , Chen Wu , Hao Zhou , Jiaqi Wang

Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging distributed machine learning paradigm enabling multiple clients to train a global model collaboratively without sharing their raw data. While FL enhances data privacy by design, it remains vulnerable…

Federated Learning (FL) is a privacy-preserving distributed machine learning technique that enables individual clients (e.g., user participants, edge devices, or organizations) to train a model on their local data in a secure environment…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Waris Gill , Ali Anwar , Muhammad Ali Gulzar

Federated Prompt Learning has emerged as a communication-efficient and privacy-preserving paradigm for adapting large vision-language models like CLIP across decentralized clients. However, the security implications of this setup remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Momin Ahmad Khan , Yasra Chandio , Fatima Muhammad Anwar

Federated Learning (FL) is a promising approach enabling multiple clients to train Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) collaboratively without sharing their local training data. However, FL is susceptible to backdoor (or targeted poisoning)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Phillip Rieger , Torsten Krauß , Markus Miettinen , Alexandra Dmitrienko , Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi

Federated Learning (FL) enables decentralized model training while preserving privacy. Recently, the integration of Foundation Models (FMs) into FL has enhanced performance but introduced a novel backdoor attack mechanism. Attackers can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xiaohuan Bi , Xi Li

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed, and decentralized machine learning protocol. By executing FL, a set of agents can jointly train a model without sharing their datasets with each other, or a third-party. This makes FL particularly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Harsh Bimal Desai , Mustafa Safa Ozdayi , Murat Kantarcioglu

Federated learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively train machine learning models under the coordination of a central server, while maintaining privacy. However, the server cannot directly monitor the local training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Binbin Ding , Penghui Yang , Sheng-Jun Huang

Federated Learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively train a shared model without exposing local data. However, backdoor attacks pose a significant threat to FL. These attacks aim to implant a stealthy trigger into the global…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Chenyu Hu , Qiming Hu , Sinan Chen , Nianyu Li , Mingyue Zhang , Jialong Li

Backdoor attacks are dangerous and difficult to prevent in federated learning (FL), where training data is sourced from untrusted clients over long periods of time. These difficulties arise because: (a) defenders in FL do not have access to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Shuaiqi Wang , Jonathan Hayase , Giulia Fanti , Sewoong Oh

Despite the promise of Federated Learning (FL) for privacy-preserving model training on distributed data, it remains susceptible to backdoor attacks. These attacks manipulate models by embedding triggers (specific input patterns) in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Tuan Nguyen , Dung Thuy Nguyen , Khoa D Doan , Kok-Seng Wong

Most machine learning applications rely on centralized learning processes, opening up the risk of exposure of their training datasets. While federated learning (FL) mitigates to some extent these privacy risks, it relies on a trusted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Georgios Syros , Gokberk Yar , Simona Boboila , Cristina Nita-Rotaru , Alina Oprea

Federated Learning (FL) enables numerous participants to train deep learning models collaboratively without exposing their personal, potentially sensitive data, making it a promising solution for data privacy in collaborative training. The…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Manaar Alam , Esha Sarkar , Michail Maniatakos

Federated Learning (FL) is a collaborative machine learning technique where multiple clients work together with a central server to train a global model without sharing their private data. However, the distribution shift across non-IID…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Xiaoting Lyu , Yufei Han , Wei Wang , Jingkai Liu , Yongsheng Zhu , Guangquan Xu , Jiqiang Liu , Xiangliang Zhang

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed training paradigm wherein participants collaborate to build a global model while ensuring the privacy of the involved data, which remains stored on participant devices. However, proposals aiming to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Nicolas Riccieri Gardin Assumpcao , Leandro Villas

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training while preserving data privacy, but it is highly vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Most existing defense methods in FL have limited effectiveness due to their neglect of the model's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Xinhai Yan , Libing Wu , Zhuangzhuang Zhang , Bingyi Liu , Lijuan Huo , Jing Wang

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning paradigm where enormous scattered clients (e.g. mobile devices or IoT devices) collaboratively train a model under the orchestration of a central server (e.g. service provider),…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Yongkang Wang , Dihua Zhai , Yufeng Zhan , Yuanqing Xia

Aiming at privacy preservation, Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging machine learning approach enabling model training on decentralized devices or data sources. The learning mechanism of FL relies on aggregating parameter updates from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Jiayan Chen , Zhirong Qian , Tianhui Meng , Xitong Gao , Tian Wang , Weijia Jia

As data are increasingly being stored in different silos and societies becoming more aware of data privacy issues, the traditional centralized training of artificial intelligence (AI) models is facing efficiency and privacy challenges.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Lingjuan Lyu , Han Yu , Xingjun Ma , Chen Chen , Lichao Sun , Jun Zhao , Qiang Yang , Philip S. Yu

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across distributed devices while preserving local data privacy, making it ideal for mobile and embedded systems. However, the decentralized nature of FL also opens vulnerabilities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Kichang Lee , Yujin Shin , Jonghyuk Yun , Songkuk Kim , Jun Han , JeongGil Ko