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Code-switching is a data augmentation scheme mixing words from multiple languages into source lingual text. It has achieved considerable generalization performance of cross-lingual transfer tasks by aligning cross-lingual contextual word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Zhuoran Li , Chunming Hu , Junfan Chen , Zhijun Chen , Xiaohui Guo , Richong Zhang

Cross-lingual entity linking maps an entity mention in a source language to its corresponding entry in a structured knowledge base that is in a different (target) language. While previous work relies heavily on bilingual lexical resources…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-13 Shruti Rijhwani , Jiateng Xie , Graham Neubig , Jaime Carbonell

Linguistic Code-switching (CS) is still an understudied phenomenon in natural language processing. The NLP community has mostly focused on monolingual and multi-lingual scenarios, but little attention has been given to CS in particular.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Gustavo Aguilar , Thamar Solorio

Code-switching (CS) is a widespread phenomenon among bilingual and multilingual societies. The lack of CS resources hinders the performance of many NLP tasks. In this work, we explore the potential use of bilingual word embeddings for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Injy Hamed , Moritz Zhu , Mohamed Elmahdy , Slim Abdennadher , Ngoc Thang Vu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in language generation and general task performance. However, their application to spoken language understanding (SLU) remains challenging, particularly for token-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Shangjian Yin , Peijie Huang , Jiatian Chen , Haojing Huang , Yuhong Xu

While large language models (LLMs) exhibit strong multilingual abilities, their reliance on English as latent representations creates a translation barrier, where reasoning implicitly depends on internal translation into English. When this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Haneul Yoo , Jiho Jin , Kyunghyun Cho , Alice Oh

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown potential in speech generation and recognition, their applications are mainly confined to monolingual scenarios, with limited explorations in code-switched (CS) contexts. In this paper, we…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-25 Jing Xu , Daxin Tan , Jiaqi Wang , Xiao Chen

Entity linking -- the task of identifying references in free text to relevant knowledge base representations -- often focuses on single languages. We consider multilingual entity linking, where a single model is trained to link references…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Elliot Schumacher , James Mayfield , Mark Dredze

Data sparsity is a main problem hindering the development of code-switching (CS) NLP systems. In this paper, we investigate data augmentation techniques for synthesizing dialectal Arabic-English CS text. We perform lexical replacements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Injy Hamed , Nizar Habash , Slim Abdennadher , Ngoc Thang Vu

Code-Switching (CS) is referred to the phenomenon of alternately using words and phrases from different languages. While today's neural end-to-end (E2E) models deliver state-of-the-art performances on the task of automatic speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Enes Yavuz Ugan , Christian Huber , Juan Hussain , Alexander Waibel

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable multilingual capabilities despite the extreme language imbalance in the pre-training data. In this paper, we closely examine the reasons behind this phenomenon, focusing on the pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Zhijun Wang , Jiahuan Li , Hao Zhou , Rongxiang Weng , Jingang Wang , Xin Huang , Xue Han , Junlan Feng , Chao Deng , Shujian Huang

Building large-scale datasets for training code-switching language models is challenging and very expensive. To alleviate this problem using parallel corpus has been a major workaround. However, existing solutions use linguistic constraints…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-31 Genta Indra Winata , Andrea Madotto , Chien-Sheng Wu , Pascale Fung

Language identification for code-switching (CS), the phenomenon of alternating between two or more languages in conversations, has traditionally been approached under the assumption of a single language per token. However, if at least one…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Manuel Mager , Özlem Çetinoğlu , Katharina Kann

A major challenge in Entity Linking (EL) is making effective use of contextual information to disambiguate mentions to Wikipedia that might refer to different entities in different contexts. The problem exacerbates with cross-lingual EL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-12-06 Avirup Sil , Gourab Kundu , Radu Florian , Wael Hamza

Entity alignment is the task of finding entities in two knowledge bases (KBs) that represent the same real-world object. When facing KBs in different natural languages, conventional cross-lingual entity alignment methods rely on machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-27 Zequn Sun , Wei Hu , Chengkai Li

Code-Switching (CS) is a common linguistic phenomenon in multilingual communities that consists of switching between languages while speaking. This paper presents our investigations on end-to-end speech recognition for Mandarin-English CS…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Chia-Yu Li , Ngoc Thang Vu

Multilingual large language models (LLMs) are expected to recall factual knowledge consistently across languages. However, the factors that give rise to such crosslingual consistency -- and its frequent failure -- remain poorly understood.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Yihong Liu , Mingyang Wang , François Yvon , Hinrich Schütze

The pervasiveness of intra-utterance code-switching (CS) in spoken content requires that speech recognition (ASR) systems handle mixed language. Designing a CS-ASR system has many challenges, mainly due to data scarcity, grammatical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Amir Hussein , Shammur Absar Chowdhury , Ahmed Abdelali , Najim Dehak , Ahmed Ali , Sanjeev Khudanpur

Currently, large language models (LLMs) predominantly focus on the text modality. To enable more natural human-AI interaction, speech LLMs are emerging, but building effective end-to-end speech LLMs remains challenging due to limited data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yan Zhou , Qingkai Fang , Yun Hong , Yang Feng

Cross-lingual Named Entity Recognition (CL-NER) aims to transfer knowledge from high-resource languages to low-resource languages. However, existing zero-shot CL-NER (ZCL-NER) approaches primarily focus on Latin script language (LSL), where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Zhihao Zhang , Sophia Yat Mei Lee , Dong Zhang , Shoushan Li , Guodong Zhou
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