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Related papers: Counterfactual Generation Under Confounding

200 papers

Image generation abilities of text-to-image diffusion models have significantly advanced, yielding highly photo-realistic images from descriptive text and increasing the viability of leveraging synthetic images to train computer vision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Jiahui Chen , Amy Zhang , Adriana Romero-Soriano

Recent work on counterfactual visual explanations has contributed to making artificial intelligence models more explainable by providing visual perturbation to flip the prediction. However, these approaches neglect the causal relationships…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yiran Qiao , Disheng Liu , Yiren Lu , Yu Yin , Mengnan Du , Jing Ma

Semi-supervised learning plays an important role in large-scale machine learning. Properly using additional unlabeled data (largely available nowadays) often can improve the machine learning accuracy. However, if the machine learning model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-02 Zhaocai Sun , William K. Cheung , Xiaofeng Zhang , Jun Yang

The accelerating advancement of generative models has introduced new challenges for detecting AI-generated images, especially in real-world scenarios where novel generation techniques emerge rapidly. Existing learning paradigms are likely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Qinghui He , Haifeng Zhang , Xiuli Bi , Bo Liu , Chi-Man Pun , Bin Xiao

Language models are becoming the default interface to factual knowledge, yet they often verify outputs more reliably than they generate them. This generation-verification gap (GV-gap) underlies many recent advances in self-improvement and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Tim R. Davidson , Anja Surina , Caglar Gulcehre

Present language understanding methods have demonstrated extraordinary ability of recognizing patterns in texts via machine learning. However, existing methods indiscriminately use the recognized patterns in the testing phase that is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Fuli Feng , Jizhi Zhang , Xiangnan He , Hanwang Zhang , Tat-Seng Chua

Healthcare data often come from multiple sites in which the correlations between confounding variables can vary widely. If deep learning models exploit these unstable correlations, they might fail catastrophically in unseen sites. Although…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Minh Nguyen , Alan Q. Wang , Heejong Kim , Mert R. Sabuncu

Computer vision algorithms, e.g. for face recognition, favour groups of individuals that are better represented in the training data. This happens because of the generalization that classifiers have to make. It is simpler to fit the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-15 Viktoriia Sharmanska , Lisa Anne Hendricks , Trevor Darrell , Novi Quadrianto

We study counterfactual identifiability in causal models with bijective generation mechanisms (BGM), a class that generalizes several widely-used causal models in the literature. We establish their counterfactual identifiability for three…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-08 Arash Nasr-Esfahany , Mohammad Alizadeh , Devavrat Shah

This study presents a novel framework for counterfactual user behavior forecasting that combines structural causal models with transformer-based generative artificial intelligence. To model fictitious situations, the method creates causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Dharmateja Priyadarshi Uddandarao , Ravi Kiran Vadlamani

We present a general framework for evaluating image counterfactuals. The power and flexibility of deep generative models make them valuable tools for learning mechanisms in structural causal models. However, their flexibility makes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Miguel Monteiro , Fabio De Sousa Ribeiro , Nick Pawlowski , Daniel C. Castro , Ben Glocker

Humans rely on effective representations to learn from few examples and abstract useful information from sensory data. Inducing such representations in machine learning models has been shown to improve their performance on various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Raja Marjieh , Sreejan Kumar , Declan Campbell , Liyi Zhang , Gianluca Bencomo , Jake Snell , Thomas L. Griffiths

Counterfactuals, serving as one of the emerging type of model interpretations, have recently received attention from both researchers and practitioners. Counterfactual explanations formalize the exploration of ``what-if'' scenarios, and are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Fan Yang , Sahan Suresh Alva , Jiahao Chen , Xia Hu

Representation learning assumes that real-world data is generated by a few semantically meaningful generative factors (i.e., sources of variation) and aims to discover them in the latent space. These factors are expected to be causally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Xiaoyu Liu , Jiaxin Yuan , Bang An , Yuancheng Xu , Yifan Yang , Furong Huang

We present a general causal generative modelling framework for accurate estimation of high fidelity image counterfactuals with deep structural causal models. Estimation of interventional and counterfactual queries for high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Fabio De Sousa Ribeiro , Tian Xia , Miguel Monteiro , Nick Pawlowski , Ben Glocker

Current developments in computer vision and deep learning allow to automatically generate hyper-realistic images, hardly distinguishable from real ones. In particular, human face generation achieved a stunning level of realism, opening new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Francesco Marra , Cristiano Saltori , Giulia Boato , Luisa Verdoliva

We propose to condition a generative model by a given image classifier uncertainty in order to analyze and explain its behavior. Preliminary experiments on synthetic data and a corrupted version of MNIST dataset illustrate the idea.

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Adrien LeCoz , Stéphane Herbin , Faouzi Adjed

While counterfactual data augmentation offers a promising step towards robust generalization in natural language processing, producing a set of counterfactuals that offer valuable inductive bias for models remains a challenge. Most existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Phillip Howard , Gadi Singer , Vasudev Lal , Yejin Choi , Swabha Swayamdipta

To understand the black-box characteristics of deep networks, counterfactual explanation that deduces not only the important features of an input space but also how those features should be modified to classify input as a target class has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-15 Hong-Gyu Jung , Sin-Han Kang , Hee-Dong Kim , Dong-Ok Won , Seong-Whan Lee

The rapid advancement of generative artificial intelligence has enabled the creation of synthetic images that are increasingly indistinguishable from authentic content, posing significant challenges for digital media integrity. This problem…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Jaime Álvarez Urueña , David Camacho , Javier Huertas Tato