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Explanation is key to people having confidence in high-stakes AI systems. However, machine-learning-based systems -- which account for almost all current AI -- can't explain because they are usually black boxes. The explainable AI (XAI)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Sergei Nirenburg , Marjorie McShane , Kenneth W. Goodman , Sanjay Oruganti

In socio-technical settings, operators are increasingly assisted by decision support systems. By employing these, important properties of socio-technical systems such as self-adaptation and self-optimization are expected to improve further.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-07-07 Michael Heider , Helena Stegherr , Richard Nordsieck , Jörg Hähner

Artificial intelligence (AI) has huge potential to improve the health and well-being of people, but adoption in clinical practice is still limited. Lack of transparency is identified as one of the main barriers to implementation, as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-06 Aniek F. Markus , Jan A. Kors , Peter R. Rijnbeek

In Reinforcement Learning interpretability generally means to provide insight into the agent's mechanisms such that its decisions are understandable by an expert upon inspection. This definition, with the resulting methods from the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-10 Michele Persiani , Thomas Hellström

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities in mathematical and scientific tasks. To enhance complex reasoning, multi-agent systems have been proposed to harness the collective intelligence of LLM agents.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Zhenyu Bi , Meng Lu , Yang Li , Swastik Roy , Weijie Guan , Morteza Ziyadi , Xuan Wang

There is general consensus that it is important for artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning systems to be explainable and/or interpretable. However, there is no general consensus over what is meant by 'explainable' and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Alun Preece , Dan Harborne , Dave Braines , Richard Tomsett , Supriyo Chakraborty

The explanation dimension of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based system has been a hot topic for the past years. Different communities have raised concerns about the increasing presence of AI in people's everyday tasks and how it can affect…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Juliana Jansen Ferreira , Mateus Monteiro

Explainability has been an important goal since the early days of Artificial Intelligence. Several approaches for producing explanations have been developed. However, many of these approaches were tightly coupled with the capabilities of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-20 Shruthi Chari , Daniel M. Gruen , Oshani Seneviratne , Deborah L. McGuinness

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Agentic AI become increasingly integrated across sectors such as education and healthcare, it is critical to ensure that Multi-Agent Education System (MAES) is explainable from the early stages of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Weibing Zheng , Laurah Turner , Jess Kropczynski , Matthew Kelleher , Murat Ozer , Shane Halse

Advanced communication protocols are critical to enable the coexistence of autonomous robots with humans. Thus, the development of explanatory capabilities is an urgent first step toward autonomous robots. This survey provides an overview…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Tatsuya Sakai , Takayuki Nagai

Collaborative decision making in multi-agent systems typically requires a predefined communication protocol among agents. Usually, agent-level observations are locally processed and information is exchanged using the predefined protocol,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Homagni Saha , Vijay Venkataraman , Alberto Speranzon , Soumik Sarkar

Recent developments in explainable artificial intelligence promise the potential to transform human-robot interaction: Explanations of robot decisions could affect user perceptions, justify their reliability, and increase trust. However,…

Artificial intelligence-driven adaptive learning systems are reshaping education through data-driven adaptation of learning experiences. Yet many of these systems lack transparency, offering limited insight into how decisions are made. Most…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Maryam Mosleh , Marie Devlin , Ellis Solaiman

We find ourselves surrounded by a rapidly increasing number of autonomous and semi-autonomous systems. Two grand challenges arise from this development: Machine Ethics and Machine Explainability. Machine Ethics, on the one hand, is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-04 Kevin Baum , Holger Hermanns , Timo Speith

Agentic systems have transformed how Large Language Models (LLMs) can be leveraged to create autonomous systems with goal-directed behaviors, consisting of multi-step planning and the ability to interact with different environments. These…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Judy Zhu , Dhari Gandhi , Himanshu Joshi , Ahmad Rezaie Mianroodi , Sedef Akinli Kocak , Dhanesh Ramachandran

In multiagent systems, agents often have to rely on other agents to reach their goals, for example when they lack a needed resource or do not have the capability to perform a required action. Agents therefore need to cooperate. Then, some…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Antonis Bikakis , Patrice Caire

Chain-of-thought prompting has popularized step-by-step reasoning in large language models, yet model performance still degrades as problem complexity and context length grow. By decomposing difficult tasks with long contexts into shorter,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Michael Rizvi-Martel , Satwik Bhattamishra , Neil Rathi , Guillaume Rabusseau , Michael Hahn

Explainability and comprehensibility of AI are important requirements for intelligent systems deployed in real-world domains. Users want and frequently need to understand how decisions impacting them are made. Similarly it is important to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Roman V. Yampolskiy

Decision-making algorithms are being used in important decisions, such as who should be enrolled in health care programs and be hired. Even though these systems are currently deployed in high-stakes scenarios, many of them cannot explain…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Gabriel Lima , Nina Grgić-Hlača , Jin Keun Jeong , Meeyoung Cha

Despite its rise as a prominent solution to the data inefficiency of today's machine learning models, self-supervised learning has yet to be studied from a purely multi-agent perspective. In this work, we propose that aligning internal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Julius Taylor , Eleni Nisioti , Clément Moulin-Frier