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This paper estimates the two-component energy balance model as a linear state space system (EBM-SS model) using historical data. It is a joint model for the temperature in the mixed layer, the temperature in the deep ocean layer, and…

Applications · Statistics 2022-05-23 Mikkel Bennedsen , Eric Hillebrand , Jingying Zhou Lykke

Extreme temperature events have traditionally been detected assuming a unimodal distribution of temperature data. We found that surface temperature data can be described more accurately with a multimodal rather than a unimodal distribution.…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-09-14 Aytaç Paçal , Birgit Hassler , Katja Weigel , M. Levent Kurnaz , Michael F. Wehner , Veronika Eyring

We compare the performance of a recently proposed empirical climate model based on astronomical harmonics against all available general circulation climate models (GCM) used by the IPCC (2007) to interpret the 20th century global surface…

Geophysics · Physics 2012-01-09 Nicola Scafetta

Climate change affects ocean temperature, salinity and sea level, impacting monsoons and ocean productivity. Future projections by Global Climate Models based on shared socioeconomic pathways from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Abhishek Pasula , Deepak N. Subramani

Quantitative estimates of the contributions of the anthropogenic forcing, characterized by changes in the radiative forcing of atmospheric greenhouse gases (CO2, in particular), and solar activity variations to the trends of the global…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-06-11 Igor I. Mokhov , Dmitry A. Smirnov

Climate response metrics are used to quantify the Earth's climate response to anthropogenic changes of atmospheric CO2. Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS) is one such metric that measures the equilibrium response to CO2 doubling.…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-01-11 Robbin Bastiaansen , Peter Ashwin , Anna S. von der Heydt

We compare, for the overlapping time frame 1962-2000, the estimate of the northern hemisphere (NH) mid-latitude winter atmospheric variability within the XX century simulations of 17 global climate models (GCMs) included in the IPCC-4AR…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2011-10-11 Valerio Lucarini , Sandro Calmanti , Alessandro Dell'Aquila , Paolo M. Ruti , Antonio Speranza

Machine learning (ML)-based models have demonstrated high skill and computational efficiency, often outperforming conventional physics-based models in weather and subseasonal predictions. While prior studies have assessed their fidelity in…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-02-13 Ziming Chen , L. Ruby Leung , Wenyu Zhou , Jian Lu , Sandro W. Lubis , Ye Liu , Chuan-Chieh Chang , Bryce E. Harrop , Ya Wang , Mingshi Yang , Gan Zhang , Yun Qian

Cloud processes are the largest source of uncertainty in quantifying the global temperature response to carbon dioxide rise. Still, the role of precipitation efficiency (PE) -- surface rain per unit column -- integrated condensation -- is…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-02-22 Ryan Li , Joshua Studholme , Alexey Fedorov , Trude Storelvmo

We introduce a novel Earth-like planet surface temperature model (ESTM) for habitability studies based on the spatial-temporal distribution of planetary surface temperatures. The ESTM adopts a surface Energy Balance Model complemented by:…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-24 G. Vladilo , L. Silva , G. Murante , L. Filippi , A. Provenzale

We compare five general circulation models (GCMs) which have been recently used to study hot extrasolar planet atmospheres (BOB, CAM, IGCM, MITgcm, and PEQMOD), under three test cases useful for assessing model convergence and accuracy.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-18 Inna Polichtchouk , James Y-K. Cho , Chris Watkins , Heidar Thor Thrastarson , Orkan M. Umurhan , Manuel de la Torre Juarez

New results from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) and multiple global reanalysis datasets are used to investigate the relationship between the mean and standard deviation in the surface air temperature. A…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2012-10-09 Richard Davy , Igor Esau

Climate predictions are only meaningful if the associated uncertainty is reliably estimated. A standard practice for providing climate projections is to use an ensemble of projections. The ensemble mean serves as the projection while the…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2019-04-16 Ehud Strobach , Golan Bel

Global warming, the phenomenon of increasing global average temperature in the recent decades, is receiving wide attention due to its very significant adverse effects on climate. Whether global warming will continue even in the future, is a…

Applications · Statistics 2026-02-24 Debashis Chatterjee , Sourabh Bhattacharya

The long-term temperature response to a given change in CO2 forcing, or Earth-system sensitivity (ESS), is a key parameter quantifying our understanding about the relationship between changes in Earth's radiative forcing and the resulting…

Geophysics · Physics 2021-03-02 Tony E. Wong , Ying Cui , Dana L. Royer , Klaus Keller

We have analyzed the teleconnection of total cloud fraction (TCF) with global sea surface temperature (SST) in multi-model ensembles (MME) of the fifth and sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects (CMIP5 and CMIP6). CMIP6-MME has a more…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-01-15 Ushnanshu Dutta , Anupam Hazra , Hemantkumar S. Chaudhari , Subodh Kumar Saha , Samir Pokhrel , Utkarsh Verma

Machine learning (ML) models are successful with weather forecasting and have shown progress in climate simulations, yet leveraging them for useful climate predictions needs exploration. Here we show this feasibility using Neural General…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-07-18 Gan Zhang , Megha Rao , Janni Yuval , Ming Zhao

A large fraction of known terrestrial-size exoplanets located in the Habitable Zone of M-dwarfs are expected to be tidally-locked. Numerous efforts have been conducted to study the climate of such planets, using in particular 3-D Global…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-09 Maxence Lefèvre , Martin Turbet , Raymond Pierrehumbert

We quantify changes DeltaQ in 100-year return values for regional annual maxima and minima of near-surface atmospheric temperature from output of five CMIP6 models, for five of the Earth's desert regions, over the interval (2025,2125). We…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Callum Leach , Kevin Ewans , Philip Jonathan

General circulation models (GCMs) are the foundation of weather and climate prediction. GCMs are physics-based simulators which combine a numerical solver for large-scale dynamics with tuned representations for small-scale processes such as…