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Quantum network protocol development is crucial to realizing a production-grade network that can support distributed sensing, secure communication, and utility-scale quantum computation. However, the transition from laboratory demonstration…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Robert J. Hayek , Joaquin Chung , Rajkumar Kettimuthu

Quantum networks distributed over distances greater than a few kilometers will be limited by the time required for information to propagate between nodes. We analyze protocols that are able to circumvent this bottleneck by employing…

Quantum networks are of high interest nowadays. In short, they describe the distribution of quantum sources represented by edges to different parties represented by nodes in the networks. Bundles of tools have been developed recently to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-24 Zhen-Peng Xu

The Quantum Internet is envisioned as the final stage of the quantum revolution, opening fundamentally new communications and computing capabilities, including the distributed quantum computing. But the Quantum Internet is governed by the…

We present the architecture and near-term use cases for a first-generation commercial quantum network. We define the foundational hardware and software elements required to operate and manage the network. Finally, we discuss the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-05 Duncan Earl , K Karunaratne , Jason Schaake , Ryan Strum , Patrick Swingle , Ryan Wilson

Designing an operational architecture for the Quantum Internet is challenging in light of both fundamental limits imposed by physics laws and technological constraints. Here, we propose a method to abstract away most of the quantum-specific…

This study explores an approach to routing in quantum networks, which targets practical scenarios for quantum networks, mirroring real-world classical networks. By addressing practical constraints, we examine the impact of heterogeneous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-22 Vinay Kumar , Claudio Cicconetti , Marco Conti , Andrea Passarella

The vision of a quantum internet is to fundamentally enhance Internet technology by enabling quantum communication between any two points on Earth. While the first realisations of small scale quantum networks are expected in the near…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Wojciech Kozlowski , Stephanie Wehner

Quantum networks are promising tools for the implementation of long-range quantum communication. The characterization of quantum correlations in networks and their usefulness for information processing is therefore central for the progress…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-28 Kiara Hansenne , Zhen-Peng Xu , Tristan Kraft , Otfried Gühne

We review the literature about reaching agreement in quantum networks, also called quantum consensus. After a brief introduction to the key feature of quantum computing, allowing the reader with no quantum theory background to have minimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-13 Marco Marcozzi , Leonardo Mostarda

With the rapid development and early industrialization of quantum technologies, it is of great interest to analyze their overall energy consumption before planning for their wide-scale deployments. The evaluation of the total energy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-05 Raja Yehia , Yoann Piétri , Carlos Pascual-García , Pascal Lefebvre , Federico Centrone

This article summarises the current status of classical communication networks and identifies some critical open research challenges that can only be solved by leveraging quantum technologies. By now, the main goal of quantum communication…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Roberto Ferrara , Riccardo Bassoli , Christian Deppe , Frank H. P. Fitzek , Holger Boche

Quantum communications is a promising technology that will play a fundamental role in the design of future networks. In fact, significant efforts are being dedicated by both the quantum physics and the classical communications communities…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-08-24 Mahdi Chehimi , Walid Saad

Network Utility Maximisation (NUM) addresses the problem of allocating resources fairly within a network and explores the ways to achieve optimal allocation in real-world networks. Although extensively studied in classical networks, NUM is…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Sounak Kar , Stephanie Wehner

The creation of a global quantum network is within reach combining satellite links and quantum memory based approaches. Applications will range from secure communication and fundamental physics experiments to a future quantum internet.

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-22 Christoph Simon

The efficacy of a communication network hinges upon both its physical architecture and the protocols that are employed within it. In the context of quantum communications, there exists a fundamental rate-loss tradeoff for point-to-point…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-18 Cillian Harney , Stefano Pirandola

The technological development of increasingly larger quantum processors on different quantum platforms raises the problem of how to fairly compare their performance, known as quantum benchmarking of quantum processors. This is a challenge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Arturo Acuaviva , David Aguirre , Rubén Peña , Mikel Sanz

Distributed quantum information in networks is paramount for global secure quantum communication. Moreover, it finds applications as a resource for relevant tasks, such as clock synchronization, magnetic field sensing, and blind quantum…

To realize a global quantum Internet, there is a need for communication between quantum subnetworks. To accomplish this task, there have been multiple design proposals for a quantum backbone network and quantum subnetworks. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-31 Francesco Vista , Daniel Holme , Stephen DiAdamo

With the advantages of high-speed parallel processing, quantum computers can efficiently solve large-scale complex optimization problems in future networks. However, due to the uncertain qubit fidelity and quantum channel noise, distributed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Napat Ngoenriang , Minrui Xu , Jiawen Kang , Dusit Niyato , Han Yu , Xuemin , Shen