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Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a new paradigm for Text-to-SQL task. However, the absence of a systematical benchmark inhibits the development of designing effective, efficient and economic LLM-based Text-to-SQL solutions. To…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Dawei Gao , Haibin Wang , Yaliang Li , Xiuyu Sun , Yichen Qian , Bolin Ding , Jingren Zhou

Modern Text-to-SQL systems generate multiple candidate SQL queries and rank them to judge a final prediction. However, existing methods face two limitations. First, they often score functionally equivalent SQL queries inconsistently despite…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Hojae Han , Yeonseok Jeong , Seung-won Hwang , Zhewei Yao , Yuxiong He

Evaluating text-to-SQL systems remains largely fragile: correctness is typically judged by executing predicted and gold SQL queries on a single static database, even though the same queries may behave differently under alternative database…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Mohammadamin Habibollah , Davood Rafiei

Automatically solving math word problems is a critical task in the field of natural language processing. Recent models have reached their performance bottleneck and require more high-quality data for training. We propose a novel data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Qianying Liu , Wenyu Guan , Sujian Li , Fei Cheng , Daisuke Kawahara , Sadao Kurohashi

An important problem in text-ranking systems is handling the hard queries that form the tail end of the query distribution. The difficulty may arise due to the presence of uncommon, underspecified, or incomplete queries. In this work, we…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Abhijit Anand , Venktesh V , Vinay Setty , Avishek Anand

Recently, there has been increasing interest in synthesizing data to improve downstream text-to-SQL tasks. In this paper, we first examined the existing synthesized datasets and discovered that state-of-the-art text-to-SQL algorithms did…

This paper describes a machine learning algorithm for document (re)ranking, in which queries and documents are firstly encoded using BERT [1], and on top of that a learning-to-rank (LTR) model constructed with TF-Ranking (TFR) [2] is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Shuguang Han , Xuanhui Wang , Mike Bendersky , Marc Najork

Language-integrated query is a powerful programming construct allowing database queries and ordinary program code to interoperate seamlessly and safely. Language-integrated query techniques rely on classical results about the nested…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Wilmer Ricciotti , James Cheney

Despite recent progress in text-to-SQL parsing, current semantic parsers are still not accurate enough for practical use. In this paper, we investigate how to build automatic text-to-SQL error correction models. Noticing that token-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Ziru Chen , Shijie Chen , Michael White , Raymond Mooney , Ali Payani , Jayanth Srinivasa , Yu Su , Huan Sun

Text-to-SQL (Text2SQL) aims to map natural language questions to executable SQL queries. Although large language models (LLMs) have driven significant progress, current approaches struggle with poor transferability to open-source LLMs,…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Shuai Lyu , Haoran Luo , Ripeng Li , Zhonghong Ou , Jiangfeng Sun , Yang Qin , Xiaoran Shang , Meina Song , Yifan Zhu

Text-to-SQL demands precise reasoning to convert natural language questions into structured queries. While large language models (LLMs) excel in many reasoning tasks, their ability to leverage Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Bohan Zhai , Canwen Xu , Yuxiong He , Zhewei Yao

State-of-the-art (SOTA) semi-supervised learning techniques, such as FixMatch and it's variants, have demonstrated impressive performance in classification tasks. However, these methods are not directly applicable to regression tasks. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Pin-Yen Huang , Szu-Wei Fu , Yu Tsao

In this paper, we study how to leverage pre-trained language models in Text-to-SQL. We argue that previous approaches under utilize the base language models by concatenating all columns together with the NL question and feeding them into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-12 Qin Lyu , Kaushik Chakrabarti , Shobhit Hathi , Souvik Kundu , Jianwen Zhang , Zheng Chen

Relational structures such as schema linking and schema encoding have been validated as a key component to qualitatively translating natural language into SQL queries. However, introducing these structural relations comes with prices: they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Jiexing Qi , Jingyao Tang , Ziwei He , Xiangpeng Wan , Yu Cheng , Chenghu Zhou , Xinbing Wang , Quanshi Zhang , Zhouhan Lin

Neural text-to-SQL models have achieved remarkable performance in translating natural language questions into SQL queries. However, recent studies reveal that text-to-SQL models are vulnerable to task-specific perturbations. Previous…

Text-to-SQL is a task to generate SQL queries from human utterances. However, due to the variation of natural language, two semantically equivalent utterances may appear differently in the lexical level. Likewise, user preferences (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Pingchuan Ma , Shuai Wang

Converting natural language queries into SQL queries is a crucial challenge in both industry and academia, aiming to increase access to databases and large-scale applications. This work examines how in-context learning and chain-of-thought…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Saumya Chaturvedi , Aman Chadha , Laurent Bindschaedler

Text-to-SQL converts natural language questions into executable SQL queries, enabling non-technical users to access relational databases for analytics and intelligent data services. In real-world scenarios, performance is often constrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Tianhao Qiu , Xiaojun Chen

There are many recent advanced developments for the Text-to-SQL task, where the Picard model is one of the the top performing models as measured by the Spider dataset competition. However, bringing Text-to-SQL systems to realistic use-cases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Irene Manotas , Octavian Popescu , Ngoc Phuoc An Vo , Vadim Sheinin

With Large Language Models' (LLMs) emergent abilities on code generation tasks, Text-to-SQL has become one of the most popular downstream applications. Despite the strong results of multiple recent LLM-based Text-to-SQL frameworks, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Dazhi Peng