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This paper investigates the effectiveness of large language models (LLMs) in email spam detection by comparing prominent models from three distinct families: BERT-like, Sentence Transformers, and Seq2Seq. Additionally, we examine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Maxime Labonne , Sean Moran

Machine learning models have been widely used in security applications such as intrusion detection, spam filtering, and virus or malware detection. However, it is well-known that adversaries are always trying to adapt their attacks to evade…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-08-13 Fan Yang , Zhiyuan Chen

With the convergence of Internet and telephony, new applications (e.g., WhatsApp) have emerged as an important means of communication for billions of users. These applications are becoming an attractive medium for attackers to deliver spam…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2015-12-24 Srishti Gupta , Payas Gupta , Mustaque Ahamad , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

Spammers take advantage of email popularity to send indiscriminately unsolicited emails. Although researchers and organizations continuously develop anti-spam filters based on binary classification, spammers bypass them through new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-29 Francisco Jáñez-Martino , Eduardo Fidalgo , Santiago González-Martínez , Javier Velasco-Mata

Machine learning (ML) has become a core component of many real-world applications and training data is a key factor that drives current progress. This huge success has led Internet companies to deploy machine learning as a service (MLaaS).…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-18 Ahmed Salem , Yang Zhang , Mathias Humbert , Pascal Berrang , Mario Fritz , Michael Backes

The usage of the mobile app is unassailable in this digital era. While tons of data are generated daily, user privacy security concerns become an important issue. Nowadays, tons of techniques, such as machine learning and deep learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Lichun Gao , Mingjie Zeng , Zhanhong Huang

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in the domain of large language models (LLMs), has resulted in powerful and versatile dual-use systems. This intelligence can be put towards a wide variety of beneficial tasks,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Julian Hazell

Fraud detection is essential in financial services, with the potential of greatly reducing criminal activities and saving considerable resources for businesses and customers. We address online fraud detection, which consists of classifying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-17 David Aparício , Ricardo Barata , João Bravo , João Tiago Ascensão , Pedro Bizarro

In this paper, we review some advances made recently in the study of mobile phone datasets. This area of research has emerged a decade ago, with the increasing availability of large-scale anonymized datasets, and has grown into a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-02-12 Vincent D. Blondel , Adeline Decuyper , Gautier Krings

Electronic mail services have become an important source of communication for millions of people all over the world. Due to this tremendous growth, there has been a significant increase in spam traffic. Spam messes up user's inbox, consumes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2010-12-09 Dhinaharan Nagamalai , Beatrice Cynthia Dhinakaran , Jae Kwang Lee

This paper explores the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in spear phishing message generation and evaluates their performance compared to human-authored counterparts. Our pilot study examines the effectiveness of smishing (SMS phishing)…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Jerson Francia , Derek Hansen , Ben Schooley , Matthew Taylor , Shydra Murray , Greg Snow

Email is one of the most widely used ways to communicate, with millions of people and businesses relying on it to communicate and share knowledge and information on a daily basis. Nevertheless, the rise in email users has occurred a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Sultan Zavrak , Seyhmus Yilmaz

Phishing is the combination of social engineering and technical exploits designed to convince a victim to provide personal information, usually for the monetary gain of the attacker. Phishing has become the most popular practice among the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2011-10-04 Aanchal Jain , Vineet Richariya

In this paper we discuss the techniques involved in the design of the famous statistical spam filters that include Naive Bayes, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency, K-Nearest Neighbor, Support Vector Machine, and Bayes Additive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2009-10-15 M. Tariq Banday , Tariq R. Jan

Anomalies in emails such as phishing and spam present major security risks such as the loss of privacy, money, and brand reputation to both individuals and organizations. Previous studies on email anomaly detection relied on a single type…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Craig Beaman , Haruna Isah

Every day, our inboxes are flooded with unsolicited emails, ranging between annoying spam to more subtle phishing scams. Unfortunately, despite abundant prior efforts proposing solutions achieving near-perfect accuracy, the reality is that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Luca Pajola , Eugenio Caripoti , Stefan Banzer , Simeone Pizzi , Mauro Conti , Giovanni Apruzzese

Fraudulent activities on digital banking services are becoming more intricate by the day, challenging existing defenses. While older rule driven methods struggle to keep pace, even precision focused algorithms fall short when new scams are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Karthikeyan V. R. , Premnath S. , Kavinraaj S. , J. Sangeetha

With over 50 billion downloads and more than 1.3 million apps in the Google official market, Android has continued to gain popularity amongst smartphone users worldwide. At the same time there has been a rise in malware targeting the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-08-03 Suleiman Y. Yerima , Sakir Sezer , Igor Muttik

Social engineering scams increasingly employ personalized, multi-turn deception, exposing the limits of traditional detection methods. While Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise in identifying deception, their cognitive assistance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Heedou Kim , Changsik Kim , Sanghwa Shin , Jaewoo Kang

Phishing attacks are one of the trending cyber attacks that apply socially engineered messages that are communicated to people from professional hackers aiming at fooling users to reveal their sensitive information, the most popular…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-08-09 Adwan Yasin , Abdelmunem Abuhasan