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We propose \textit{DeepMartingale}, a deep-learning framework for the dual formulation of discrete-monitoring optimal stopping problems under continuous-time models. Leveraging a martingale representation, our method implements a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-27 Junyan Ye , Hoi Ying Wong

This paper presents a novel deep learning framework for solving multiple optimal stopping problems in high dimensions. While deep learning has recently shown promise for single stopping problems, the multiple exercise case involves complex…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-30 Mathieu Laurière , Mehdi Talbi

Determining the optimal depth of a neural network is a fundamental yet challenging problem, typically resolved through resource-intensive experimentation. This paper introduces a formal theoretical framework to address this question by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Qian Qi

Discrete time stochastic optimal control problems and Markov decision processes (MDPs) are fundamental models for sequential decision-making under uncertainty and as such provide the mathematical framework underlying reinforcement learning…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-01 Arnulf Jentzen , Konrad Kleinberg , Thomas Kruse

This paper presents the benefits of using randomized neural networks instead of standard basis functions or deep neural networks to approximate the solutions of optimal stopping problems. The key idea is to use neural networks, where the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-04 Calypso Herrera , Florian Krach , Pierre Ruyssen , Josef Teichmann

Nowadays many financial derivatives, such as American or Bermudan options, are of early exercise type. Often the pricing of early exercise options gives rise to high-dimensional optimal stopping problems, since the dimension corresponds to…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Sebastian Becker , Patrick Cheridito , Arnulf Jentzen , Timo Welti

This paper studies deep neural networks for solving extremely large linear systems arising from highdimensional problems. Because of the curse of dimensionality, it is expensive to store both the solution and right-hand side vector in such…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-03-07 Yiqi Gu , Michael K. Ng

We analyze approximation rates by deep ReLU networks of a class of multi-variate solutions of Kolmogorov equations which arise in option pricing. Key technical devices are deep ReLU architectures capable of efficiently approximating tensor…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2021-10-12 Dennis Elbrächter , Philipp Grohs , Arnulf Jentzen , Christoph Schwab

Let $\Omega = [0,1]^d$ be the unit cube in $\mathbb{R}^d$. We study the problem of how efficiently, in terms of the number of parameters, deep neural networks with the ReLU activation function can approximate functions in the Sobolev spaces…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-09 Jonathan W. Siegel

Fully connected deep neural networks are successfully applied to classification and function approximation problems. By minimizing the cost function, i.e., finding the proper weights and biases, models can be built for accurate predictions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Qingguang Guan

It is commonly recognized that the expressiveness of deep neural networks is contingent upon a range of factors, encompassing their depth, width, and other relevant considerations. Currently, the practical performance of the majority of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Xuan Qi , Yi Wei

We study the expressive power of deep ReLU neural networks for approximating functions in dilated shift-invariant spaces, which are widely used in signal processing, image processing, communications and so on. Approximation error bounds are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Yunfei Yang , Zhen Li , Yang Wang

We study optimal stopping problems related to the pricing of perpetual American options in an extension of the Black-Merton-Scholes model in which the dividend and volatility rates of the underlying risky asset depend on the running values…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-05-20 Pavel V. Gapeev , Neofytos Rodosthenous

We prove deep neural network (DNN for short) expressivity rate bounds for solution sets of a model class of singularly perturbed, elliptic two-point boundary value problems, in Sobolev norms, on the bounded interval $(-1,1)$. We assume that…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-01-15 Joost A. A. Opschoor , Christoph Schwab , Christos Xenophontos

We propose a deep learning algorithm for high dimensional optimal stopping problems. Our method is inspired by the penalty method for solving free boundary PDEs. Within our approach, the penalized PDE is approximated using the Deep BSDE…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-04-07 Yunfei Peng , Pengyu Wei , Wei Wei

We derive upper bounds on the complexity of ReLU neural networks approximating the solution maps of parametric partial differential equations. In particular, without any knowledge of its concrete shape, we use the inherent…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-05-15 Gitta Kutyniok , Philipp Petersen , Mones Raslan , Reinhold Schneider

We study the expression rates of deep neural networks (DNNs for short) for option prices written on baskets of $d$ risky assets, whose log-returns are modelled by a multivariate L\'evy process with general correlation structure of jumps. We…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-07-06 Lukas Gonon , Christoph Schwab

We demonstrate that deep neural networks with the ReLU activation function can efficiently approximate the solutions of various types of parametric linear transport equations. For non-smooth initial conditions, the solutions of these PDEs…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-01-31 Fabian Laakmann , Philipp Petersen

We study the interpolation power of deep ReLU neural networks. Specifically, we consider the question of how efficiently, in terms of the number of parameters, deep ReLU networks can interpolate values at $N$ datapoints in the unit ball…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Jonathan W. Siegel

Early stopping is a simple and widely used method to prevent over-training neural networks. We develop theoretical results to reveal the relationship between the optimal early stopping time and model dimension as well as sample size of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Ruoqi Shen , Liyao Gao , Yi-An Ma
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