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We present our approach to the problem of how an agent, within an economic Multi-Agent System, can determine when it should behave strategically (i.e. learn and use models of other agents), and when it should act as a simple price-taker. We…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Jose M. Vidal , Edmund H. Durfee

Trading markets represent a real-world financial application to deploy reinforcement learning agents, however, they carry hard fundamental challenges such as high variance and costly exploration. Moreover, markets are inherently a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Yue Gao , Kry Yik Chau Lui , Pablo Hernandez-Leal

Recent technological developments have changed the fundamental ways stock markets function, bringing regulatory instances to assess the benefits of these developments. In parallel, the ongoing machine learning revolution and its multiple…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-02-09 Johann Lussange , Boris Gutkin

This paper uses the development of multi-agent market models to present a unified approach to the joint questions of how financial market movements may be simulated, predicted, and hedged against. We examine the effect of different market…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-10-31 P. Jefferies , M. L. Hart , P. M. Hui , N. F. Johnson

Training robots for operation in the real world is a complex, time consuming and potentially expensive task. Despite significant success of reinforcement learning in games and simulations, research in real robot applications has not been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-09-28 Markus Wulfmeier , Ingmar Posner , Pieter Abbeel

Market making (MM) is an important research topic in quantitative finance, the agent needs to continuously optimize ask and bid quotes to provide liquidity and make profits. The limit order book (LOB) contains information on all active…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-05-26 Hong Guo , Jianwu Lin , Fanlin Huang

We build an agent-based model for the order book with three types of market participants: informed trader, noise trader and competitive market makers. Using a Glosten-Milgrom like approach, we are able to deduce the whole limit order book…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-04-01 Weibing Huang , Sergio Pulido , Mathieu Rosenbaum , Pamela Saliba , Emmanouil Sfendourakis

In the past, financial stock markets have been studied with previous generations of multi-agent systems (MAS) that relied on zero-intelligence agents, and often the necessity to implement so-called noise traders to sub-optimally emulate…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2019-10-14 J. Lussange , S. Bourgeois-Gironde , S. Palminteri , B. Gutkin

Designing a financial market that works well is very important for developing and maintaining an advanced economy, but is not easy because changing detailed rules, even ones that seem trivial, sometimes causes unexpected large impacts and…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-01-08 Takanobu Mizuta

Evaluating recommender systems remains challenging due to the gap between offline metrics and real user behavior, as well as the scarcity of interaction data. Recent work explores large language model (LLM) agents as synthetic users, yet…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Nicolas Bougie , Gian Maria Marconi , Tony Yip , Narimasa Watanabe

We report successful results from using deep learning neural networks (DLNNs) to learn, purely by observation, the behavior of profitable traders in an electronic market closely modelled on the limit-order-book (LOB) market mechanisms that…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2018-11-08 Arthur le Calvez , Dave Cliff

We consider the dynamics and the interactions of multiple reinforcement learning optimal execution trading agents interacting with a reactive Agent-Based Model (ABM) of a financial market in event time. The model represents a market ecology…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-08-15 Matthew Dicks , Andrew Paskaramoorthy , Tim Gebbie

The rapidly growing field of network analytics requires data sets for use in evaluation. Real world data often lack truth and simulated data lack narrative fidelity or statistical generality. This paper presents a novel, mixed-membership,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2013-09-09 Garrett Bernstein , Kyle O'Brien

Most economic theories typically assume that financial market participants are fully rational individuals and use mathematical models to simulate human behavior in financial markets. However, human behavior is often not entirely rational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Shen Gao , Yuntao Wen , Minghang Zhu , Jianing Wei , Yuhan Cheng , Qunzi Zhang , Shuo Shang

Securities markets are quintessential complex adaptive systems in which heterogeneous agents compete in an attempt to maximize returns. Species of trading agents are also subject to evolutionary pressure as entire classes of strategies…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-12-23 David Rushing Dewhurst , Yi Li , Alexander Bogdan , Jasmine Geng

We present an experimental and simulated model of a multi-agent stock market driven by a double auction order matching mechanism. Studying the effect of cumulative information on the performance of traders, we find a non monotonic…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-11-13 Bence Toth , Enrico Scalas , Juergen Huber , Michael Kirchler

The high-order complexity of human behaviour is likely the root cause of extreme difficulty in financial market projections. We consider that behavioural simulation can unveil systemic dynamics to support analysis. Simulating diverse human…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-06-03 Cheng Wang , Chuwen Wang , Shirong Zeng , Jianguo Liu , Changjun Jiang

This paper is intended to explain, in simple terms, some of the mechanisms and agents common to multiagent financial market simulations. We first discuss the necessity to include an exogenous price time series ("the fundamental value") for…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-09-26 David Byrd

This paper describes simulations and analysis of flash crash scenarios in an agent-based modelling framework. We design, implement, and assess a novel high-frequency agent-based financial market simulator that generates realistic…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-04-23 Kang Gao , Perukrishnen Vytelingum , Stephen Weston , Wayne Luk , Ce Guo

Order book imbalance (OBI) - buy orders minus sell orders near the best quote - measures supply-demand imbalance that can move prices. OBI is positively correlated with returns, and some investors try to use it to improve performance. Large…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-09-23 Shuto Endo , Takanobu Mizuta , Isao Yagi