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The union-find decoder is a leading algorithmic approach to the correction of quantum errors on the surface code, achieving code thresholds comparable to minimum-weight perfect matching (MWPM) with amortised computational time scaling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-10 Sam J. Griffiths , Dan E. Browne

Machine learning has the potential to become an important tool in quantum error correction as it allows the decoder to adapt to the error distribution of a quantum chip. An additional motivation for using neural networks is the fact that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-18 Nikolas P. Breuckmann , Xiaotong Ni

Due to the high sensitivity of qubits to environmental noise, which leads to decoherence and information loss, active quantum error correction(QEC) is essential. Surface codes represent one of the most promising fault-tolerant QEC schemes,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Hao Wang , Erjia Xiao , Wenbo Mu , Songhuan He , Zhongyi Ni , Lingfeng Zhang , Xiaokun Zhan , Yifei Cui , Jinguo Liu , Cheng Wang , Zhongrui Wang , Renjing Xu

Topological error correcting codes, and particularly the surface code, currently provide the most feasible roadmap towards large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation. As such, obtaining fast and flexible decoding algorithms for these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-12 Ryan Sweke , Markus S. Kesselring , Evert P. L. van Nieuwenburg , Jens Eisert

This paper proposes two approaches for reducing the impact of the error floor phenomenon when decoding quantum low-density parity-check codes with belief propagation based algorithms. First, a low-complexity syndrome-based linear…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Sana Javed , Francisco Garcia-Herrero , Bane Vasic , Mark F. Flanagan

Quantum error correction offers a promising path for performing quantum computations with low errors. Although a fully fault-tolerant execution of a quantum algorithm remains unrealized, recent experimental developments, along with…

Matching algorithms can be used for identifying errors in quantum systems, being the most famous the Blossom algorithm. Recent works have shown that small distance quantum error correction codes can be efficiently decoded by employing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-27 Savvas Varsamopoulos , Koen Bertels , Carmen G. Almudever

The development of practical, high-performance decoding algorithms reduces the resource cost of fault-tolerant quantum computing. Here we propose a decoder for the surface code that finds low-weight correction operators for errors produced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-19 Asmae Benhemou , Kaavya Sahay , Lingling Lao , Benjamin J. Brown

Minimum-weight perfect matching (MWPM) has been been the primary classical algorithm for error correction in the surface code, since it is of low runtime complexity and achieves relatively low logical error rates [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-02-20 Adrian Hutter , James R. Wootton , Daniel Loss

This paper analyzes the design and competitiveness of four neural network (NN) architectures recently proposed as decoders for forward error correction (FEC) codes. We first consider the so-called single-label neural network (SLNN) and the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-28 Yuncheng Yuan , Péter Scheepers , Lydia Tasiou , Yunus Can Gültekin , Federico Corradi , Alex Alvarado

The surface code is one of the most popular quantum error correction codes. It comes with efficient decoders, such as the Minimum Weight Perfect Matching (MWPM) decoder and the Union-Find (UF) decoder, allowing for fast quantum error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-28 Nicolas Delfosse , Adam Paetznick , Jeongwan Haah , Matthew B. Hastings

The surface code is one of the most promising candidates for combating errors in large scale fault-tolerant quantum computation. A fault-tolerant decoder is a vital part of the error correction process---it is the algorithm which computes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-15 Fern H. E. Watson , Hussain Anwar , Dan E. Browne

Error correcting codes are a fundamental component in modern day communication systems, demanding extremely high throughput, ultra-reliability and low latency. Recent approaches using machine learning (ML) models as the decoders offer both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Hung T. Nguyen , Steven Bottone , Kwang Taik Kim , Mung Chiang , H. Vincent Poor

Machine learning (ML) and tensor-based methods have been of significant interest for the scientific community for the last few decades. In a previous work we presented a novel tensor-based system identification framework to ease the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Oliver Ploder , Christina Auer , Oliver Lang , Thomas Paireder , Mario Huemer

Color codes are a class of topological quantum codes with a high error threshold and large set of transversal encoded gates, and are thus suitable for fault tolerant quantum computation in two-dimensional architectures. Recently,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-17 Pradeep Sarvepalli , Robert Raussendorf

Fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) requires fast and accurate decoding of quantum errors, which is often formulated as a minimum-weight perfect matching (MWPM) problem. A determinant-based approach has been proposed as a novel method…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Ryo Mikami , Hayata Yamasaki

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for scalable quantum computing. However, it requires classical decoders that are fast and accurate enough to keep pace with quantum hardware. While quantum low-density parity-check codes have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Andi Gu , J. Pablo Bonilla Ataides , Mikhail D. Lukin , Susanne F. Yelin

Transversal logical gates offer the opportunity for fast and low-noise logic, particularly when interspersed by a single round of parity check measurements of the underlying code. Using such circuits for the surface code requires decoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-23 Marc Serra-Peralta , Mackenzie H. Shaw , Barbara M. Terhal

The minimum weight perfect matching (MWPM) decoder is the standard decoding strategy for quantum surface codes. However, it suffers a harsh decrease in performance when subjected to biased or non-identical quantum noise. In this work, we…

Attentional sequence-to-sequence models have become the new standard for machine translation, but one challenge of such models is a significant increase in training and decoding cost compared to phrase-based systems. Here, we focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-05-08 Jacob Devlin