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Reasoning in a temporal knowledge graph (TKG) is a critical task for information retrieval and semantic search. It is particularly challenging when the TKG is updated frequently. The model has to adapt to changes in the TKG for efficient…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Jiapeng Wu , Yishi Xu , Yingxue Zhang , Chen Ma , Mark Coates , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung

Temporal knowledge graphs (TKGs) represent time-stamped relational facts and support a wide range of reasoning tasks over evolving events. However, existing methods produce entity representations that are static at the entity level, in that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Seunghan Lee , Jun Seo , Jaehoon Lee , Sungdong Yoo , Minjae Kim , Tae Yoon Lim , Dongwan Kang , Hwanil Choi , SoonYoung Lee , Wonbin Ahn

Temporal knowledge graphs (TKGs) have been identified as a promising approach to represent the dynamics of facts along the timeline. The extrapolation of TKG is to predict unknowable facts happening in the future, holding significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Wei Chen , Huaiyu Wan , Yuting Wu , Shuyuan Zhao , Jiayaqi Cheng , Yuxin Li , Youfang Lin

Temporal knowledge graph reasoning (TKGR) aims to predict future events by inferring missing entities with dynamic knowledge structures. Existing LLM-based reasoning methods prioritize contextual over structural relations, struggling to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Shiqi Fan , Quanming Yao , Hongyi Nie , Wentao Ma , Zhen Wang , Wen Hua

Knowledge is inherently time-sensitive and continuously evolves over time. Although current Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems enrich LLMs with external knowledge, they largely ignore this temporal nature. This raises two…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Jiale Han , Austin Cheung , Yubai Wei , Zheng Yu , Xusheng Wang , Bing Zhu , Yi Yang

Temporal Knowledge Graph (TKG) reasoning involves predicting future events based on historical information. However, due to the unpredictability of future events, this task is highly challenging. To address this issue, we propose a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Ao Lv , Guige Ouyang , Yongzhong Huang , Yue Chen , Haoran Xie

Inferring missing facts in temporal knowledge graphs (TKGs) is a fundamental and challenging task. Previous works have approached this problem by augmenting methods for static knowledge graphs to leverage time-dependent representations.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-09 Jiapeng Wu , Meng Cao , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung , William L. Hamilton

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in natural language generation but remain limited in knowle- dge-intensive tasks due to outdated or incomplete internal knowledge. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Dong Li , Yichen Niu , Ying Ai , Xiang Zou , Biqing Qi , Jianxing Liu

Temporal Knowledge Graphs (TKGs), which utilize quadruples in the form of (subject, predicate, object, timestamp) to describe temporal facts, have attracted extensive attention. N-tuple TKGs (N-TKGs) further extend traditional TKGs by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Zhongni Hou , Miao Su , Xiaolong Jin , Zixuan Li , Long Bai , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng

Entity alignment aims to identify equivalent entity pairs between different knowledge graphs (KGs). Recently, the availability of temporal KGs (TKGs) that contain time information created the need for reasoning over time in such TKGs.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Chengjin Xu , Fenglong Su , Jens Lehmann

Static knowledge graph (SKG) embedding (SKGE) has been studied intensively in the past years. Recently, temporal knowledge graph (TKG) embedding (TKGE) has emerged. In this paper, we propose a Recursive Temporal Fact Embedding (RTFE)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Youri Xu , E Haihong , Meina Song , Wenyu Song , Xiaodong Lv , Wang Haotian , Yang Jinrui

In the last few years, there has been a surge of interest in learning representations of entitiesand relations in knowledge graph (KG). However, the recent availability of temporal knowledgegraphs (TKGs) that contain time information for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Chengjin Xu , Mojtaba Nayyeri , Fouad Alkhoury , Hamed Shariat Yazdi , Jens Lehmann

Temporal characteristics are prominently evident in a substantial volume of knowledge, which underscores the pivotal role of Temporal Knowledge Graphs (TKGs) in both academia and industry. However, TKGs often suffer from incompleteness for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Jiapu Wang , Boyue Wang , Meikang Qiu , Shirui Pan , Bo Xiong , Heng Liu , Linhao Luo , Tengfei Liu , Yongli Hu , Baocai Yin , Wen Gao

Temporal knowledge graph reasoning (TKGR) is increasingly gaining attention for its ability to extrapolate new events from historical data, thereby enriching the inherently incomplete temporal knowledge graphs. Existing graph-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Jinze Sun , Yongpan Sheng , Lirong He , Yongbin Qin , Ming Liu , Tao Jia

Modeling time-evolving knowledge graphs (KGs) has recently gained increasing interest. Here, graph representation learning has become the dominant paradigm for link prediction on temporal KGs. However, the embedding-based approaches largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Zhen Han , Peng Chen , Yunpu Ma , Volker Tresp

Temporal knowledge graph completion (TKGC) has become a popular approach for reasoning over the event and temporal knowledge graphs, targeting the completion of knowledge with accurate but missing information. In this context, tensor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Ioannis Dikeoulias , Saadullah Amin , Günter Neumann

Temporal knowledge graph completion (TKGC) aims to fill in missing facts within a given temporal knowledge graph at a specific time. Existing methods, operating in real or complex spaces, have demonstrated promising performance in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Li Cai , Xin Mao , Zhihong Wang , Shangqing Zhao , Yuhao Zhou , Changxu Wu , Man Lan

Temporal Knowledge Graph (TKG) representation learning embeds entities and event types into a continuous low-dimensional vector space by integrating the temporal information, which is essential for downstream tasks, e.g., event prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Xing Tang , Ling Chen

Most knowledge graph completion (KGC) methods learn latent representations of entities and relations of a given graph by mapping them into a vector space. Although the majority of these methods focus on static knowledge graphs, a large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Duygu Sezen Islakoglu , Mel Chekol , Yannis Velegrakis

In the last few years, the solution to Knowledge Graph (KG) completion via learning embeddings of entities and relations has attracted a surge of interest. Temporal KGs(TKGs) extend traditional Knowledge Graphs (KGs) by associating static…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Zhongwu Chen , Chengjin Xu , Fenglong Su , Zhen Huang , You Dou