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This is a Seminaire Bourbaki survey of the proof of the Kakeya conjecture in three dimensions. The survey is written for a broad mathematical audience. We sketch all the ideas in the proof, with many pictures.

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2026-04-07 Larry Guth

For a finite vector space $V$ and a non-negative integer $r\le\dim V$ we estimate the smallest possible size of a subset of $V$, containing a translate of every $r$-dimensional subspace. In particular, we show that if $K\subset V$ is the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2010-03-22 Swastik Kopparty , Vsevolod F. Lev , Shubhangi Saraf , Madhu Sudan

The purpose of this article is to survey the developments on the Kakeya problem in recent years, concentrating on the period after the excellent 1999 survey of Wolff, and including some recent work by the authors. We will focus on the…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Nets Katz , Terence Tao

In this paper, we study curved Kakeya sets associated with phase functions satisfying Bourgain's condition. In particular, we show that the analysis of curved Kakeya sets arising from translation-invariant phase functions under Bourgain's…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2025-03-17 Chuanwei Gao , Diankun Liu , Yakun Xi

A subset of a metric space is a k-distance set if there are exactly k non-zero distances occuring between points. We conjecture that a k-distance set in a d-dimensional Banach space (or Minkowski space), contains at most (k+1)^d points,…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2007-12-07 Konrad J. Swanepoel

It is shown that $SL_2$ Besicovitch sets of measure zero exist in $\mathbb{R}^3$. The proof is constructive and uses point-line duality analogously to Kahane's construction of measure zero Besicovitch sets in the plane. A corollary is that…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2024-01-19 Terence L. J. Harris

We pose the following conjecture: (*) If A is the union of line segments in R^n, and B is the union of the corresponding full lines then the Hausdorff dimensions of A and B agree. We prove that this conjecture would imply that every…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2018-03-12 Tamás Keleti

In 1971, Davies proved that finitely many parallel line segments can be simultaneously fully rotated in an arbitrarily small area. In this paper we show that an even stronger statement holds: The unit square can be fully rotated in such a…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2026-05-20 Márk Kökényesi

We construct a union of N parallelograms of dimensions approximately 1/N x 1 in the plane, with the slope of their long sides in the standard Cantor set. The union has area 1/log N but the union of the doubles has area log log N/ log N. In…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Michael D. Bateman , Nets Hawk Katz

We develop a notion of finite order lacunarity for direction sets in $\mathbb R^{d+1}$. Given a direction set $\Omega$ that is sublacunary according to this definition, we construct random examples of Euclidean sets that contain unit line…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2014-05-05 Edward Kroc , Malabika Pramanik

We prove the equivalence of two Kakeya conjectures: 1.The Kakeya maximal operator conjecture 2.The disjoint trilinear dual form of the Kakeya maximal operator conjecture

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2025-10-01 Cristian Rios , Eric T. Sawyer

We study subsets of the $n$-dimensional vector space over the finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$, for odd $q$, which contain either a sphere for each radius or a sphere for each first coordinate of the center. We call such sets radii spherical…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-04-03 Mehdi Makhul , Audie Warren , Arne Winterhof

We formulate the conditional Kolmogorov complexity of x given y at precision r, where x and y are points in Euclidean spaces and r is a natural number. We demonstrate the utility of this notion in two ways. 1. We prove a point-to-set…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-12-02 Jack H. Lutz , Neil Lutz

We present a construction of a measure-zero Kakeya-type set in a finite-dimensional space $K^d$ over a local field with finite residue field. The construction is an adaptation of the ideas appearing in [12] and [13]. The existence of…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2016-02-24 Robert Fraser

The restriction and Kakeya problems in Euclidean space have received much attention in the last few decades, and are related to many problems in harmonic analysis, PDE, and number theory. In this paper we initiate the study of these…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2010-03-23 Gerd Mockenhaupt , Terence Tao

We present a streamlined and simplified proof of the Kakeya set conjecture in $\mathbb{R}^3$.

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2026-01-22 Larry Guth , Hong Wang , Joshua Zahl

Suppose that $(X,d,\mu)$ is a metric measure space of finite Hausdorff dimension and that, for every Lipschitz $f \colon X \to \mathbb R$, $\operatorname{Lip}(f,\cdot)$ is dominated by every upper gradient of $f$. We show that $X$ is a…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2023-03-20 David Bate , Ilmari Kangasniemi , Tuomas Orponen

The class of convex sets that admit approximations as Minkowski sum of a compact convex set and a closed convex cone in the Hausdorff distance is introduced. These sets are called approximately Motzkin-decomposable and generalize the notion…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-25 Daniel Dörfler , Andreas Löhne

We prove a bilinear Kakeya inequality in the first Heisenberg group and a sharp bilinear Kakeya estimate for Euclidean curved tubes in $\R^2$. By adapting an argument of F\"assler, Pinamonti and Wald involving Heisenberg projections, we…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2026-04-06 Yannis Galanos

We obtain new bounds for the Kakeya maximal conjecture in most dimensions $n<100$, as well as improved bounds for the Kakeya set conjecture when $n=7$ or $9$. For this we consider Guth and Zahl's strengthened formulation of the maximal…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2019-01-08 Jonathan Hickman , Keith M Rogers