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Barren plateaus are a notorious problem in the optimization of variational quantum algorithms and pose a critical obstacle in the quest for more efficient quantum machine learning algorithms. Many potential reasons for barren plateaus have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-02 Ankit Kulshrestha , Ilya Safro

Quantum compiling fills the gap between the computing layer of high-level quantum algorithms and the layer of physical qubits with their specific properties and constraints. Quantum compiling is a hybrid between the general-purpose…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-02 Marco Maronese , Lorenzo Moro , Lorenzo Rocutto , Enrico Prati

Compilation optimizes quantum algorithms performances on real-world quantum computers. To date, it is performed via classical optimization strategies. We introduce a class of quantum algorithms to perform compilation via quantum computers,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-25 Davide Rattacaso , Daniel Jaschke , Marco Ballarin , Ilaria Siloi , Simone Montangero

Variational quantum algorithms is one of the most representative algorithms in quantum computing, which has a wide range of applications in quantum machine learning, quantum simulation and other related fields. However, they face challenges…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-22 Xiao Shi , Yun Shang

A common requirement of quantum simulations and algorithms is the preparation of complex states through sequences of 2-qubit gates. For a generic quantum state, the number of gates grows exponentially with the number of qubits, becoming…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Matan Ben Dov , David Shnaiderov , Adi Makmal , Emanuele G. Dalla Torre

Quantum machine learning has emerged as a promising utilization of near-term quantum computation devices. However, algorithmic classes such as variational quantum algorithms have been shown to suffer from barren plateaus due to vanishing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-23 Lukas Broers , Ludwig Mathey

We develop an adaptive method for quantum state preparation that utilizes randomness as an essential component and that does not require classical optimization. Instead, a cost function is minimized to prepare a desired quantum state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-10 Alicia B. Magann , Sophia E. Economou , Christian Arenz

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) promise efficient use of near-term quantum computers. However, training VQAs often requires an extensive amount of time and suffers from the barren plateau problem where the magnitude of the gradients…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-24 Tobias Haug , M. S. Kim

Parametrized quantum circuits initialized with random initial parameter values are characterized by barren plateaus where the gradient becomes exponentially small in the number of qubits. In this technical note we theoretically motivate and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-11 Edward Grant , Leonard Wossnig , Mateusz Ostaszewski , Marcello Benedetti

Optimisation via parameterised quantum circuits is the prevalent technique of near-term quantum algorithms. However, the omnipresent phenomenon of barren plateaus - parameter regions with vanishing gradients - sets a persistent hurdle that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-20 Lennart Binkowski , Gereon Koßmann , Tobias J. Osborne , René Schwonnek , Timo Ziegler

Compilation and optimization of quantum circuits are critical components in the execution of algorithms on quantum computers. These components must successfully balance two competing priorities: minimizing the number of expensive resources,…

Training quantum neural networks (QNNs) using gradient-based or gradient-free classical optimisation approaches is severely impacted by the presence of barren plateaus in the cost landscapes. In this paper, we devise a framework for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-04 Yidong Liao , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Chris Ferrie

Variational quantum algorithms are promising algorithms for achieving quantum advantage on near-term devices. The quantum hardware is used to implement a variational wave function and measure observables, whereas the classical computer is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-01 Stefan H. Sack , Raimel A. Medina , Alexios A. Michailidis , Richard Kueng , Maksym Serbyn

The architecture of circuital quantum computers requires computing layers devoted to compiling high-level quantum algorithms into lower-level circuits of quantum gates. The general problem of quantum compiling is to approximate any unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-21 Lorenzo Moro , Matteo G. A. Paris , Marcello Restelli , Enrico Prati

This paper discusses the compilation, optimization, and error mitigation of quantum algorithms, essential steps to execute real-world quantum algorithms. Quantum algorithms running on a hybrid platform with QPU and CPU/GPU take advantage of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Shuangbao Paul Wang , Jianzhou Mao , Eric Sakk

Current quantum programming is dominated by low-level, circuit-centric approaches that limit the potential for compiler optimization. This work presents how a high-level programming construct provides compilers with the semantic information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Evandro C. R. Rosa , Jerusa Marchi , Eduardo I. Duzzioni , Rafael de Santiago

Variational Quantum Circuits (VQCs) have emerged as a promising paradigm for quantum machine learning in the NISQ era. While parameter sharing in VQCs can reduce the parameter space dimensionality and potentially mitigate the barren plateau…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Gerhard Stenzel , Tobias Rohe , Michael Kölle , Leo Sünkel , Jonas Stein , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

Variational Quantum Algorithms are a vital part of quantum computing. It is a blend of quantum and classical methods for tackling tough problems in machine learning, chemistry, and combinatorial optimization. Yet as these algorithms scale…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-19 Francis Boabang , Samuel Asante Gyamerah

Compiling quantum circuits is a major bottleneck in quantum computing, and given the scale required in a few years, is likely to become infeasibly long. Techniques to reduce compilation time for quantum circuits are sorely needed.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Jane Moore , Michael Hart , John McAllister

Quantum computing has shown tremendous promise in addressing complex computational problems, yet its practical realization is hindered by the limited availability of qubits for computation. Recent advancements in quantum hardware have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-22 Kun Fang , Munan Zhang , Ruqi Shi , Yinan Li