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Proof-of-Attendance (PoA) mechanisms are typically employed to demonstrate a specific user's participation in an event, whether virtual or in-person. The goal of this study is to extend such mechanisms to broader contexts where the user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Matteo Marco Montanari , Alessandro Aldini

The distributed consensus mechanism is the backbone of the rapidly developing blockchain network. Blockchain platforms consume vast amounts of electricity based on the current consensus mechanism of Proof of Work. Here, we point out an…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Xiaoyang Shi , Hang Xiao , Weifeng Liu , Xi Chen , Klaus. S. Lackner , Vitalik Buterin , Thomas F. Stocker

Accountability, the ability to provably identify protocol violators, gained prominence as the main economic argument for the security of proof-of-stake (PoS) protocols. Rollups, the most popular scaling solution for blockchains, typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Ertem Nusret Tas , John Adler , Mustafa Al-Bassam , Ismail Khoffi , David Tse , Nima Vaziri

Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity due to their transparency, security, and accessibility compared to traditional financial systems, with Bitcoin, introduced in 2009, leading the market. Bitcoin's security relies on blockchain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Dinitha Wijewardhana , Sugandima Vidanagamachchi , Nalin Arachchilage

Proof of work (PoW), as the representative consensus protocol for blockchain, consumes enormous amounts of computation and energy to determine bookkeeping rights among miners but does not achieve any practical purposes. To address the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Yuntao Wang , Haixia Peng , Zhou Su , Tom H Luan , Abderrahim Benslimane , Yuan Wu

Proof of Authority (PoA) is a type of permissioned consensus algorithm with a fixed committee. PoA has been widely adopted by communities and industries due to its better performance and faster finality. In this paper, we explore the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Qin Wang , Rujia Li , Qi Wang , Shiping Chen , Yang Xiang

Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus is traditionally analyzed under the assumption that all miners incur similar costs per unit of computational effort. In reality, costs vary due to factors such as regional electricity cost differences and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yogev Bar-On , Ilan Komargodski , Omri Weinstein

The security and decentralization of Proof-of-Work (PoW) have been well-tested in existing blockchain systems. However, its tremendous energy waste has raised concerns about sustainability. Proof-of-Useful-Work (PoUW) aims to redirect the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Weihang Cao , Mustafa Doger , Sennur Ulukus

Many blockchain systems today, including Bitcoin, rely on Proof of Work (PoW). Proof of work is crucial to the liveness and security of cryptocurrencies. The assumption when using PoW is that a lot of trial and error is required on average…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Maya Dotan , Saar Tochner

We introduce Unity Interleave, a new consensus algorithm for public blockchain settings. It is an eventual consistency protocol merging the Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) into a coherent stochastic process. It builds upon…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-22 Yao Sun , Aayush Rajasekaran

Blockchain is a novel technology that is rising a lot of interest in the industrial and re- search sectors because its properties of decentralisation, immutability and data integrity. Initially, the underlying consensus mechanism has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-10 Stefano De Angelis

Blockchain consensus mechanisms must balance security, decentralization, and efficiency while ensuring fair participation. Proof of Team Sprint (PoTS) is a cooperative consensus mechanism designed to address the energy inefficiencies and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Naoki Yonezawa

Blockchain technology is a breakthrough in changing the ways of business and organization operations, in which the consensus problem is challenging with practical constraints, such as computational power and consensus standard. In this…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Yuqi Xie , Changbing Tang , Feilong Lin , Guanrong Chen , Zhao Zhang , Zhonglong Zheng

Proof-of-stake blockchain protocols have emerged as a compelling paradigm for organizing distributed ledger systems. In proof-of-stake (PoS), a subset of stakeholders participate in validating a growing ledger of transactions. For the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Aggelos Kiayias , Elias Koutsoupias , Francisco Marmolejo-Cossio , Aikaterini-Panagiota Stouka

This paper proposes a new paradigm: generative blockchain, which aims to transform conventional blockchain technology by combining transaction generation and recording, rather than focusing solely on transaction recording. Central to our…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Haozhao Zhang , Zhe Zhang , Zhiqiang Zheng , Varghese Jacob

This paper opts to mitigate the energy-inefficiency of the Blockchain Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus algorithm by rationally repurposing the power spent during the mining process. The original PoW mining scheme is designed to consider one…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-09 Noureddine Lasla , Lina Alsahan , Mohamed Abdallah , Mohamed Younis

Proof-of-Work (PoW) is a fundamental underlying technology behind most major blockchain cryptocurrencies. It has been previously pointed out that quantum devices provide a computational advantage in performing PoW in the context of Bitcoin.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-06 Dan A. Bard , Joseph J. Kearney , Carlos A. Perez-Delgado

The security of most existing cryptocurrencies is based on a concept called Proof-of-Work, in which users must solve a computationally hard cryptopuzzle to authorize transactions (`one unit of computation, one vote'). This leads to enormous…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-19 Jonah Brown-Cohen , Arvind Narayanan , Christos-Alexandros Psomas , S. Matthew Weinberg

Blockchain plays a crucial role in ensuring the security and integrity of decentralized systems, with the proof-of-work (PoW) mechanism being fundamental for achieving distributed consensus. As PoW blockchains see broader adoption, an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-07 Xunqiang Lan , Xiao Tang , Ruonan Zhang , Bin Li , Qinghe Du , Dusit Niyato , Zhu Han

Proof-of-stake (PoS) is a promising approach for designing efficient blockchains, where block proposers are randomly chosen with probability proportional to their stake. A primary concern with PoS systems is the "rich getting richer"…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-10-17 Giulia Fanti , Leonid Kogan , Sewoong Oh , Kathleen Ruan , Pramod Viswanath , Gerui Wang