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Timing optimization during global placement is critical for achieving optimal circuit performance and remains a key challenge in modern Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) design. As FPGA designs scale and heterogeneous resources increase,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-02 He Jiang , Yi Guo , Shikai Guo , Huijiang Liu , Xiaochen Li , Ning Wang , Zhixiong Di

Evolutionary algorithms can outperform conventional placement algorithms such as simulated annealing, analytical placement as well as manual placement on metrics such as runtime, wirelength, pipelining cost, and clock frequency when mapping…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Niansong Zhang , Xiang Chen , Nachiket Kapre

When modern FPGA architecture becomes increasingly complicated, modern FPGA placement is a mixed optimization problem with multiple objectives, including wirelength, routability, timing closure, and clock feasibility. Typical FPGA devices…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Jing Mai , Jiarui Wang , Zhixiong Di , Yibo Lin

This paper proposes OpenPARF, an open-source placement and routing framework for large-scale FPGA designs. OpenPARF is implemented with the deep learning toolkit PyTorch and supports massive parallelization on GPU. The framework proposes a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Jing Mai , Jiarui Wang , Zhixiong Di , Guojie Luo , Yun Liang , Yibo Lin

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of timing closure challenges and constraints in Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). We examine core timing principles, architectural…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Mostafa Darvishi

3D field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) promise higher performance through vertical integration. However, existing placement tools, largely inherited from 2D frameworks, fail to capture the unique delay characteristics and optimization…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Cong Hao , Andrew B. Kahng , Bodhisatta Pramanik , Ismael Youssef

Floorplanning problem has been extensively explored for homogeneous FPGAs. Most modern FPGAs consist of heterogeneous resources in the form of configurable logic blocks, DSP blocks, BRAMs and more. Very little work has been done for…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Pingakshya Goswami , Dinesh Bhatia

Due to the skewed scaling of interconnect versus cell delay in modern technology nodes, placement with buffer porosity (i.e., cell density) awareness is essential for timing closure in physical synthesis flows. However, existing approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Andrew B. Kahng , Yiting Liu , Zhiang Wang

FPGA macro placement plays a pivotal role in routability and timing closer to the modern FPGA physical design flow. In modern FPGAs, macros could be subject to complex cascade shape constraints requiring instances to be placed in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Zhili Xiong , Rachel Selina Rajarathnam , Zhixing Jiang , Hanqing Zhu , David Z. Pan

As FPGAs gain popularity for on-demand application acceleration in data center computing, dynamic partial reconfiguration (DPR) has become an effective fine-grained sharing technique for FPGA multiplexing. However, current FPGA sharing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Jianfeng Gu , Hao Wang , Xiaorang Guo , Martin Schulz , Michael Gerndt

Timing optimization during the global placement of integrated circuits has been a significant focus for decades, yet it remains a complex, unresolved issue. Recent analytical methods typically use pin-level timing information to adjust net…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Yunqi Shi , Siyuan Xu , Shixiong Kai , Xi Lin , Ke Xue , Mingxuan Yuan , Chao Qian

This paper presents an innovative approach to 3D mixed-size placement in heterogeneous face-to-face (F2F) bonded 3D ICs. We propose an analytical framework that utilizes a dedicated density model and a bistratal wirelength model,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Yuxuan Zhao , Peiyu Liao , Siting Liu , Jiaxi Jiang , Yibo Lin , Bei Yu

The major challenge when designing multipliers for FPGAs is to address several trade-offs: On the one hand at the performance level and on the other hand at the resource level utilizing DSP blocks or look-up tables (LUTs). With DSPs being a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Andreas Böttcher , Martin Kumm

A variety of computing platform like Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) and multicore Central Processing Unit (CPU) in data centers are suitable for acceleration of data-intensive workloads. Especially,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Rourab Paul , Marco Danelutto

Rising demand in AI and automotive applications is accelerating 2.5D IC adoption, with multiple chiplets tightly placed to enable high-speed interconnects and heterogeneous integration. As chiplet counts grow, traditional placement tools,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-11-24 Qipan Wang , Tianxiang Zhu , Tianyu Jia , Yibo Lin , Runsheng Wang , Ru Huang

This paper presents a workflow for synthesizing near-optimal FPGA implementations for structured-mesh based stencil applications for explicit solvers. It leverages key characteristics of the application class, its computation-communication…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Kamalavasan Kamalakkannan , Gihan R. Mudalige , Istvan Z. Reguly , Suhaib A. Fahmy

Path planning is critical for autonomous driving, generating smooth, collision-free, feasible paths based on perception and localization inputs. However, its computationally intensive nature poses significant challenges for…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Yifan Zhang , Xiaoyu Niu , Hongzheng Tian , Yanjun Zhang , Bo Yu , Shaoshan Liu , Sitao Huang

The widespread adoption of mixed-precision quantization in large language models (LLMs) has created demand for hardware that can efficiently perform multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations across mixed datatypes and switch datatypes at…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Feng Yu , Hongshi Tan , Yao Chen , Weng-Fai Wong , Bingsheng He

Modern field programmable gate array(FPGA) can be partially dynamically reconfigurable with heterogeneous resources distributed on the chip. And FPGA-based partially dynamically reconfigurable system(FPGA-PDRS) can be used to accelerate…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-13 Bo Ding , Jinglei Huang , Junpeng Wang , Qi Xu , Song Chen , Yi Kang

Multipliers are widely-used arithmetic operators in digital signal processing and machine learning circuits. Due to their relatively high complexity, they can have high latency and be a significant source of power consumption. One strategy…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Shervin Vakili , Mobin Vaziri , Amirhossein Zarei , J. M. Pierre Langlois
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