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Related papers: MiQA: A Benchmark for Inference on Metaphorical Qu…

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Multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) becomes particularly challenging when all choices are relevant to the question and are semantically similar. Yet this setting of MCQA can potentially provide valuable clues for choosing the right…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Wenqing Deng , Zhe Wang , Kewen Wang , Shirui Pan , Xiaowang Zhang , Zhiyong Feng

Evaluation of reasoning language models gained importance after it was observed that they can combine their existing capabilities into novel traces of intermediate steps before task completion and that the traces can sometimes help them to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Petr Spelda , Vit Stritecky

Metaphors are part of everyday language and shape the way in which we conceptualize the world. Moreover, they play a multifaceted role in communication, making their understanding and generation a challenging task for language models (LMs).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Gianluca Michelli , Xiaoyu Tong , Ekaterina Shutova

In recent years, with the rapid development of the depth and breadth of large language models' capabilities, various corresponding evaluation benchmarks have been emerging in increasing numbers. As a quantitative assessment tool for model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Shiwen Ni , Guhong Chen , Shuaimin Li , Xuanang Chen , Siyi Li , Bingli Wang , Qiyao Wang , Xingjian Wang , Yifan Zhang , Liyang Fan , Chengming Li , Ruifeng Xu , Le Sun , Min Yang

We explore how generating a chain of thought -- a series of intermediate reasoning steps -- significantly improves the ability of large language models to perform complex reasoning. In particular, we show how such reasoning abilities emerge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Jason Wei , Xuezhi Wang , Dale Schuurmans , Maarten Bosma , Brian Ichter , Fei Xia , Ed Chi , Quoc Le , Denny Zhou

As large-scale, pre-trained language models achieve human-level and superhuman accuracy on existing language understanding tasks, statistical bias in benchmark data and probing studies have recently called into question their true…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Shane Storks , Joyce Chai

Generating metaphors is a challenging task as it requires a proper understanding of abstract concepts, making connections between unrelated concepts, and deviating from the literal meaning. In this paper, we aim to generate a metaphoric…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Tuhin Chakrabarty , Xurui Zhang , Smaranda Muresan , Nanyun Peng

Human conversation relies heavily on conversational implicature, in which speakers convey meanings that are suggested rather than explicitly stated. Although recent large language models exhibit strong conversational fluency, they remain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Hirona Jacqueline Arai , Xiang Ren

Popular QA benchmarks like SQuAD have driven progress on the task of identifying answer spans within a specific passage, with models now surpassing human performance. However, retrieving relevant answers from a huge corpus of documents is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-13 Amin Ahmad , Noah Constant , Yinfei Yang , Daniel Cer

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be capable of impressive few-shot generalisation to new tasks. However, they still tend to perform poorly on multi-step logical reasoning problems. Here we carry out a comprehensive evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Antonia Creswell , Murray Shanahan , Irina Higgins

Natural language processing techniques are increasingly applied to identify social trends and predict behavior based on large text collections. Existing methods typically rely on surface lexical and syntactic information. Yet, research in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-29 Ekaterina Shutova , Patricia Lichtenstein

Generative large language models as tools in the legal domain have the potential to improve the justice system. However, the reasoning behavior of current generative models is brittle and poorly understood, hence cannot be responsibly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Cor Steging , Silja Renooij , Bart Verheij

We introduce RoMQA, the first benchmark for robust, multi-evidence, multi-answer question answering (QA). RoMQA contains clusters of questions that are derived from related constraints mined from the Wikidata knowledge graph. RoMQA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Victor Zhong , Weijia Shi , Wen-tau Yih , Luke Zettlemoyer

As the performance of large language models rapidly improves, benchmarks are getting larger and more complex as well. We present LMentry, a benchmark that avoids this "arms race" by focusing on a compact set of tasks that are trivial to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Avia Efrat , Or Honovich , Omer Levy

We introduce Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) as a framework for enhancing large language models (LLMs) through cognitive prompting in complex reasoning tasks. CMT leverages metaphorical mappings to structure abstract reasoning, improving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Oliver Kramer

The recent success of machine learning systems on various QA datasets could be interpreted as a significant improvement in models' language understanding abilities. However, using various perturbations, multiple recent works have shown that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Krunal Shah , Nitish Gupta , Dan Roth

The Rational Speech Act (RSA) model provides a flexible framework to model pragmatic reasoning in computational terms. However, state-of-the-art RSA models are still fairly distant from modern machine learning techniques and present a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Gaia Carenini , Luca Bischetti , Walter Schaeken , Valentina Bambini

Questions involving commonsense reasoning about everyday situations often admit many $\textit{possible}$ or $\textit{plausible}$ answers. In contrast, multiple-choice question (MCQ) benchmarks for commonsense reasoning require a hard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Shramay Palta , Nishant Balepur , Peter Rankel , Sarah Wiegreffe , Marine Carpuat , Rachel Rudinger

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance on complex reasoning by leveraging chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting to generate intermediate reasoning chains as the rationale to infer the answer. However, existing CoT studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Zhuosheng Zhang , Aston Zhang , Mu Li , Hai Zhao , George Karypis , Alex Smola

Metaphor and sarcasm are common figurative expressions in people's communication, especially on the Internet or the memes popular among teenagers. We create a new benchmark named NYK-MS (NewYorKer for Metaphor and Sarcasm), which contains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Ke Chang , Hao Li , Junzhao Zhang , Yunfang Wu