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In multi-infeed hybrid AC-DC (MIDC) systems, the asynchronous interconnection between regional grids, the complicated system dynamics and possible cascading failures have an enormous effect on the frequency stability. In order to deal with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-27 Ye Liu , Chen Shen

In multi-infeed hybrid AC-DC (MIDC) systems, the emergency frequency control (EFC) with LCC-HVDC systems participating is of vital importance for system frequency stability. Nevertheless, when regional power systems are operated by…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-31 Ye Liu , Chen Shen , Zhaojian Wang , Feng Liu

Frequency Containment Reserves might be insufficient to provide an appropriate response in the presence of large disturbances and low inertia scenarios. As a solution, this work assesses the supplementary droop frequency-based Emergency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-27 Danilo Obradovic , Mehrdad Ghandhari , Robert Eriksson

With the complex hybrid AC-DC power system in China coming into being, the HVDC faults, such as DC block faults, have an enormous effect on the frequency stability of the AC side. In multi-infeed HVDC (MIDC) system, to improve the frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-07-16 Ye Liu , Chen Shen , Yankan Song , Jun Yan

With high penetrations of renewable energy and power electronics converters, less predictable operating conditions and strong uncertainties in under-frequency events pose challenges for emergency frequency control (EFC). On the other hand,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-11 Qianni Cao , Chen Shen

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology has played a crucial role for long-distance transmission of renewable power generation. However, the integration of large-capacity HVDC lines introduces significant frequency security challenges…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-13 Yiliu He , Haiwang Zhong , Grant Ruan , Yan Xu , Chongqing Kang

With more and more distributed energy resources (DERs) deployed in Integrated Energy Systems (IESs), frequency stability challenges the pursuit of reliability and efficiency. This paper proposes a fully-distributed frequency control method…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-27 Xin Qin , Xuan Zhang , Xinwei Shen , Yinliang Xu , Mohammad Shahidehpour , Hongbin Sun

In this paper, we present distributed controllers for sharing primary and secondary frequency control reserves for asynchronous AC transmission systems, which are connected through a multi-terminal HVDC grid. By using Lyapunov arguments,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-17 Martin Andreasson , Roger Wiget , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Karl H. Johansson , Göran Andersson

High penetration of renewable energy sources intensifies frequency fluctuations in multi-area power systems, challenging both stability and operational safety. This paper proposes a novel distributed frequency control method that ensures…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-10 Xiemin Mo , Tao Liu

In this paper we propose distributed dynamic controllers for sharing both frequency containment and restoration reserves of asynchronous AC systems connected through a multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grid. The communication structure of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-14 Martin Andreasson , Roger Wiget , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Karl H. Johansson , Göran Andersson

In this paper we propose a distributed dynamic controller for sharing frequency control reserves of asynchronous AC systems connected through a multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grid. We derive sufficient stability conditions, which guarantee that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-15 Martin Andreasson , Roger Wiget , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Karl H. Johansson , Göran Andersson

This paper presents a decentralized controller for sharing primary AC frequency control reserves through a multi-terminal HVDC grid. By using Lyapunov arguments, the proposed controller is shown to stabilize the equilibrium of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-15 Martin Andreasson , Roger Wiget , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Karl H. Johansson , Göran Andersson

Primary Frequency Control (PFC) is a fast acting mechanism used to ensure high-quality power for the grid that is becoming an increasingly attractive option for load participation. Due to speed requirement and other considerations, it is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-07-23 Joshua Comden , Tan N. Le , Yue Zhao , Bong Jun Choi , Zhenhua Liu

In Part I of this paper we propose a decentralized optimal frequency control of multi-area power system with operational constraints, where the tie-line powers remain unchanged in the steady state and the power mismatch is balanced within…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-03-02 Zhaojian Wang , Feng Liu , Steven H. Low , Changhong Zhao , Shengwei Mei

This paper addresses the distributed optimal frequency control of multi-area power system with operational constraints, including the regulation capacity of individual control area and the power limits on tie-lines. Both generators and…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-02-28 Zhaojian Wang , Feng Liu , Steven H. Low , Changhong Zhao , Shengwei Mei

This paper proposes a new strategy for optimal grid frequency regulation (FR) in an interconnected power system where regional ac grids and an offshore wind farm are linked via a multi-terminal high voltage direct-current (MTDC) network. In…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-10 Young-Jin Kim

This paper addresses the distributed optimal frequency control of power systems considering a network-preserving model with nonlinear power flows and excitation voltage dynamics. Salient features of the proposed distributed control strategy…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-02-14 Zhaojian Wang , Feng Liu , John Z. F. Pang , Steven Low , Shengwei Mei

As the proportion of renewable energy and power electronics in the power system increases, modeling frequency dynamics under power deficits becomes more challenging. Although data-driven methods help mitigate these challenges, they are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-11 Qianni Cao , Chen Shen

This paper addresses the distributed frequency control problem in a multi-area power system taking into account of unknown time-varying power imbalance. Particularly, fast controllable loads are utilized to restore system frequency under…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-10-31 Zhaojian Wang , Shengwei Mei , Feng Liu , Steven H. Low , Peng Yang

This paper proposes a distributed strategy regulated on a subset of individual buses in a power network described by the swing equations to achieve transient frequency control while preserving asymptotic stability. Transient frequency…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-09-18 Yifu Zhang , Jorge Cortes
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