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Discriminatively trained neural classifiers can be trusted, only when the input data comes from the training distribution (in-distribution). Therefore, detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is very important to avoid classification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Sachin Vernekar , Ashish Gaurav , Taylor Denouden , Buu Phan , Vahdat Abdelzad , Rick Salay , Krzysztof Czarnecki

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is committed to delineating the classification boundaries between in-distribution (ID) and OOD images. Recent advances in vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable OOD detection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Zhixia He , Chen Zhao , Minglai Shao , Xintao Wu , Xujiang Zhao , Dong Li , Qin Tian , Linlin Yu

Modern neural networks are very powerful predictive models, but they are often incapable of recognizing when their predictions may be wrong. Closely related to this is the task of out-of-distribution detection, where a network must…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-15 Terrance DeVries , Graham W. Taylor

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for deploying robust machine learning models, especially in areas where security is critical. However, traditional OOD detection methods often fail to capture complex data distributions from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Armando Zhu , Jiabei Liu , Keqin Li , Shuying Dai , Bo Hong , Peng Zhao , Changsong Wei

Using the intuition that out-of-distribution data have lower likelihoods, a common approach for out-of-distribution detection involves estimating the underlying data distribution. Normalizing flows are likelihood-based generative models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Seyedeh Fatemeh Razavi , Mohammad Mahdi Mehmanchi , Reshad Hosseini , Mostafa Tavassolipour

We study the problem of out-of-distribution dynamics (OODD) detection, which involves detecting when the dynamics of a temporal process change compared to the training-distribution dynamics. This is relevant to applications in control,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Mohamad H Danesh , Alan Fern

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has emerged as a popular technique to enhance the reliability of machine learning models by identifying unexpected inputs from unknown classes. Recent progress in pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yuanwei Hu , Bo Peng , Yadan Luo , Zhen Fang , Ling Chen , Jie Lu

Out-of-distribution (OoD) inputs pose a persistent challenge to deep learning models, often triggering overconfident predictions on non-target objects. While prior work has primarily focused on refining scoring functions and adjusting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Changshun Wu , Weicheng He , Chih-Hong Cheng , Xiaowei Huang , Saddek Bensalem

In this work, we propose CODE, an extension of existing work from the field of explainable AI that identifies class-specific recurring patterns to build a robust Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection method for visual classifiers. CODE does…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Romain Xu-Darme , Julien Girard-Satabin , Darryl Hond , Gabriele Incorvaia , Zakaria Chihani

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task that has garnered significant attention. The emergence of CLIP has spurred extensive research into zero-shot OOD detection, often employing a training-free approach. Current methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Haoran Xu , Yanlin Liu , Zizhao Tong , Jiaze Li , Kexue Fu , Yuyang Zhang , Longxiang Gao , Shuaiguang Li , Xingyu Li , Yanran Xu , Changwei Wang

Recent advances in pre-training vision-language models (VLMs), e.g., contrastive language-image pre-training (CLIP) methods, have shown great potential in learning out-of-distribution (OOD) representations. Despite showing competitive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Min Zhang , Bo Jiang , Jie Zhou , Yimeng Liu , Xin Lin

Medical image diagnosis can be achieved by deep neural networks, provided there is enough varied training data for each disease class. However, a hitherto unknown disease class not encountered during training will inevitably be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Mohammadreza Mohseni , Jordan Yap , William Yolland , Majid Razmara , M Stella Atkins

Background: Machine learning (ML) methods often fail with data that deviates from their training distribution. This is a significant concern for ML-enabled devices in clinical settings, where data drift may cause unexpected performance that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Ghada Zamzmi , Kesavan Venkatesh , Brandon Nelson , Smriti Prathapan , Paul H. Yi , Berkman Sahiner , Jana G. Delfino

In this paper, we consider the contextual robust optimization problem under an out-of-distribution setting. The contextual robust optimization problem considers a risk-sensitive objective function for an optimization problem with the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-06 Zhongze Cai , Hansheng Jiang , Xiaocheng Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for building reliable AI systems, as models that produce outputs for invalid inputs cannot be trusted. Although deep learning (DL) is often assumed to outperform traditional machine learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Jihyeon Baek , Seunghoon Lee , Gitaek Kwon , Doohyun Park

Deep Learning models possess two key traits that, in combination, make their use in the real world a risky prospect. One, they do not typically generalize well outside of the distribution for which they were trained, and two, they tend to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Jonathan S. Kent , Bo Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is indispensable for deploying reliable machine learning systems in real-world scenarios. Recent works, using auxiliary outliers in training, have shown good potential. However, they seldom concern the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Yutian Lei , Luping Ji , Pei Liu

In supervised machine learning, the assumption that training data is labelled correctly is not always satisfied. In this paper, we investigate an instance of labelling error for classification tasks in which the dataset is corrupted with…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-02-13 Turab Iqbal , Yin Cao , Qiuqiang Kong , Mark D. Plumbley , Wenwu Wang

Machine learning (ML) systems in natural language processing (NLP) face significant challenges in generalizing to out-of-distribution (OOD) data, where the test distribution differs from the training data distribution. This poses important…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Linyi Yang , Yaoxiao Song , Xuan Ren , Chenyang Lyu , Yidong Wang , Lingqiao Liu , Jindong Wang , Jennifer Foster , Yue Zhang

Vanilla CNNs, as uncalibrated classifiers, suffer from classifying out-of-distribution (OOD) samples nearly as confidently as in-distribution samples. To tackle this challenge, some recent works have demonstrated the gains of leveraging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-20 Mahdieh Abbasi , Changjian Shui , Arezoo Rajabi , Christian Gagne , Rakesh Bobba