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Embodied conversational agents (ECA) are often designed to produce nonverbal behavior to complement or enhance their verbal communication. One such form of nonverbal behavior is co-speech gesturing, which involves movements that the agent…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Pieter Wolfert , Nicole Robinson , Tony Belpaeme

Embodied conversational agents (ECAs) benefit from non-verbal behavior for natural and efficient interaction with users. Gesticulation - hand and arm movements accompanying speech - is an essential part of non-verbal behavior. Gesture…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-02-25 Rajmund Nagy , Taras Kucherenko , Birger Moell , André Pereira , Hedvig Kjellström , Ulysses Bernardet

Embodied conversational agents (ECAs) are increasingly more realistic and capable of dynamic conversations. In online surveys, anthropomorphic agents could help address issues like careless responding and satisficing, which originate from…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Matus Krajcovic , Peter Demcak , Eduard Kuric

Co-speech gestures, gestures that accompany speech, play an important role in human communication. Automatic co-speech gesture generation is thus a key enabling technology for embodied conversational agents (ECAs), since humans expect ECAs…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Taras Kucherenko , Patrik Jonell , Youngwoo Yoon , Pieter Wolfert , Gustav Eje Henter

Co-speech gestures play a crucial role in the interactions between humans and embodied conversational agents (ECA). Recent deep learning methods enable the generation of realistic, natural co-speech gestures synchronized with speech, but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Teo Guichoux , Laure Soulier , Nicolas Obin , Catherine Pelachaud

An Embodied Conversational Agent (ECA) is an intelligent agent that works as the front end of software applications to interact with users through verbal/nonverbal expressions and to provide online assistance without the limits of time,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Ruturaj Raval

Embodied conversational agents (ECAs) are paradigms of conversational user interfaces in the form of embodied characters. While ECAs offer various manipulable features, this paper focuses on a study conducted to explore two distinct levels…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Danai Korre

Embodied agents, in the form of virtual agents or social robots, are rapidly becoming more widespread. In human-human interactions, humans use nonverbal behaviours to convey their attitudes, feelings, and intentions. Therefore, this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Carson Yu Liu , Gelareh Mohammadi , Yang Song , Wafa Johal

Gestures that accompany speech are an essential part of natural and efficient embodied human communication. The automatic generation of such co-speech gestures is a long-standing problem in computer animation and is considered an enabling…

Graphics · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Simbarashe Nyatsanga , Taras Kucherenko , Chaitanya Ahuja , Gustav Eje Henter , Michael Neff

Advances in machine intelligence have enabled conversational interfaces that have the potential to radically change the way humans interact with machines. However, even with the progress in the abilities of these agents, there remain…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-10-17 Deepali Aneja , Rens Hoegen , Daniel McDuff , Mary Czerwinski

This paper focuses on enhancing human-agent communication by integrating spatial context into virtual agents' non-verbal behaviors, specifically gestures. Recent advances in co-speech gesture generation have primarily utilized data-driven…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Anna Deichler , Simon Alexanderson , Jonas Beskow

Embodied Conversational Agents (ECAs) aim to emulate human face-to-face interaction through speech, gestures, and facial expressions. Current large language model (LLM)-based conversational agents lack embodiment and the expressive gestures…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-30 M. Hamza Mughal , Rishabh Dabral , Vera Demberg , Christian Theobalt

Human-robot collaboration is an essential research topic in artificial intelligence (AI), enabling researchers to devise cognitive AI systems and affords an intuitive means for users to interact with the robot. Of note, communication plays…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-09 Qi Wu , Cheng-Ju Wu , Yixin Zhu , Jungseock Joo

Interactions with artificial intelligence (AI) based agents can positively influence human behavior and judgment. However, studies to date focus on text-based conversational agents (CA) with limited embodiment, restricting our understanding…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Sue Lim , Ralf Schmälzle , Gary Bente

Due to privacy concerns, open dialogue datasets for mental health are primarily generated through human or AI synthesis methods. However, the inherent implicit nature of psychological processes, particularly those of clients, poses…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Lixiu Wu , Yuanrong Tang , Qisen Pan , Xianyang Zhan , Yucheng Han , Lanxi Xiao , Tianhong Wang , Chen Zhong , Jiangtao Gong

Eye-tracking offers rich insights into student cognition and engagement, but remains underutilized in classroom-facing educational technology due to challenges in data interpretation and accessibility. In this paper, we present the…

In human interaction, gestures serve various functions such as marking speech rhythm, highlighting key elements, and supplementing information. These gestures are also observed in explanatory contexts. However, the impact of gestures on…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Amelie Sophie Robrecht , Hendric Voss , Lisa Gottschalk , Stefan Kopp

Partial subtle mirroring of nonverbal behaviors during conversations (also known as mimicking or parallel empathy), is essential for rapport building, which in turn is essential for optimal human-human communication outcomes. Mirroring has…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Katarzyna Pasternak , Zishi Wu , Ubbo Visser , Christine Lisetti

This paper presents an empirical investigation of the extent to which spoken Humanoid Embodied Conversational Agents (HECAs) can foster usability in mobile serious game (MSG) applications. The aim of the research is to assess the impact of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Danai Korre , Judy Robertson

One of the main goals of robotics and intelligent agent research is to enable natural communication with humans in physically situated settings. While recent work has focused on verbal modes such as language and speech, non-verbal…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Anna Deichler , Siyang Wang , Simon Alexanderson , Jonas Beskow
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