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Related papers: FASTER-CE: Fast, Sparse, Transparent, and Robust C…

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Visual counterfactual explanations are ideal hypothetical images that change the decision-making of the classifier with high confidence toward the desired class while remaining visually plausible and close to the initial image. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Tung Luu , Nam Le , Duc Le , Bac Le

The problem of counterfactual visual explanations is considered. A new family of discriminant explanations is introduced. These produce heatmaps that attribute high scores to image regions informative of a classifier prediction but not of a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-17 Pei Wang , Nuno Vasconcelos

Recently, a method [7] was proposed to generate contrastive explanations for differentiable models such as deep neural networks, where one has complete access to the model. In this work, we propose a method, Model Agnostic Contrastive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Amit Dhurandhar , Tejaswini Pedapati , Avinash Balakrishnan , Pin-Yu Chen , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Ruchir Puri

Towards better explainability in the field of information retrieval, we present CREDENCE, an interactive tool capable of generating counterfactual explanations for document rankers. Embracing the unique properties of the ranking problem, we…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Joel Rorseth , Parke Godfrey , Lukasz Golab , Mehdi Kargar , Divesh Srivastava , Jaroslaw Szlichta

Deep Learning has become a very valuable tool in different fields, and no one doubts the learning capacity of these models. Nevertheless, since Deep Learning models are often seen as black boxes due to their lack of interpretability, there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Jokin Labaien , Ekhi Zugasti , Xabier De Carlos

Post-hoc explanation methods for machine learning models have been widely used to support decision-making. One of the popular methods is Counterfactual Explanation (CE), also known as Actionable Recourse, which provides a user with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Kentaro Kanamori , Takuya Takagi , Ken Kobayashi , Yuichi Ike , Kento Uemura , Hiroki Arimura

Counterfactual explanations interpret the recommendation mechanism via exploring how minimal alterations on items or users affect the recommendation decisions. Existing counterfactual explainable approaches face huge search space and their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Xiangmeng Wang , Qian Li , Dianer Yu , Guandong Xu

The adoption of increasingly complex deep models has fueled an urgent need for insight into how these models make predictions. Counterfactual explanations form a powerful tool for providing actionable explanations to practitioners.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Paraskevas Pegios , Aasa Feragen , Andreas Abildtrup Hansen , Georgios Arvanitidis

Post-hoc explanations of machine learning models are crucial for people to understand and act on algorithmic predictions. An intriguing class of explanations is through counterfactuals, hypothetical examples that show people how to obtain a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-09 Ramaravind Kommiya Mothilal , Amit Sharma , Chenhao Tan

Counterfactual explanations constitute among the most popular methods for analyzing black-box systems since they can recommend cost-efficient and actionable changes to the input of a system to obtain the desired system output. While most of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 André Artelt , Andreas Gregoriades

As deep learning models are increasingly used in safety-critical applications, explainability and trustworthiness become major concerns. For simple images, such as low-resolution face portraits, synthesizing visual counterfactual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Paul Jacob , Éloi Zablocki , Hédi Ben-Younes , Mickaël Chen , Patrick Pérez , Matthieu Cord

Modern neural networks achieve strong performance but remain difficult to interpret in high-dimensional visual domains. Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) provide a principled approach to interpreting black-box predictions by identifying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Ahmed Zeid , Sidney Bender

We introduce MCCE: Monte Carlo sampling of valid and realistic Counterfactual Explanations for tabular data, a novel counterfactual explanation method that generates on-manifold, actionable and valid counterfactuals by modeling the joint…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-26 Annabelle Redelmeier , Martin Jullum , Kjersti Aas , Anders Løland

Counterfactual explanations are a widely used approach in Explainable AI, offering actionable insights into decision-making by illustrating how small changes to input data can lead to different outcomes. Despite their importance, evaluating…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Marharyta Domnich , Rasmus Moorits Veski , Julius Välja , Kadi Tulver , Raul Vicente

The widespread deployment of machine learning systems in critical real-world decision-making applications has highlighted the urgent need for counterfactual explainability methods that operate effectively. Global counterfactual…

We study the problem of finding optimal sparse, manifold-aligned counterfactual explanations for classifiers. Canonically, this can be formulated as an optimization problem with multiple non-convex components, including classifier loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Shpresim Sadiku , Moritz Wagner , Sai Ganesh Nagarajan , Sebastian Pokutta

Counterfactual explanations for machine learning models are used to find minimal interventions to the feature values such that the model changes the prediction to a different output or a target output. A valid counterfactual explanation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Shravan Kumar Sajja , Sumanta Mukherjee , Satyam Dwivedi

Counterfactual explanations (CEs) enhance the interpretability of machine learning models by describing what changes to an input are necessary to change its prediction to a desired class. These explanations are commonly used to guide users'…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Anna P. Meyer , Yuhao Zhang , Aws Albarghouthi , Loris D'Antoni

The growing complexity of AI systems has intensified the need for transparency through Explainable AI (XAI). Counterfactual explanations (CFs) offer actionable "what-if" scenarios on three levels: Local CFs providing instance-specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Oleksii Furman , Patryk Wielopolski , Łukasz Lenkiewicz , Jerzy Stefanowski , Maciej Zięba

Counterfactual explanations provide a potentially significant solution to the Explainable AI (XAI) problem, but good, native counterfactuals have been shown to rarely occur in most datasets. Hence, the most popular methods generate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Barry Smyth , Mark T Keane
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