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A popular technique for selecting and tuning machine learning estimators is cross-validation. Cross-validation evaluates overall model fit, usually in terms of predictive accuracy. In causal inference, the optimal choice of estimator…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-07 Dominik Rothenhäusler

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been the cornerstone of clinical evidence; however, their cost, duration, and restrictive eligibility criteria limit power and external validity. Studies using real-world data (RWD), historically…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-26 Shu Yang , Margaret Gamalo , Haoda Fu

External controls from historical trials or observational data can augment randomized controlled trials when large-scale randomization is impractical or unethical, such as in drug evaluation for rare diseases. However, non-randomized…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-08 Ke Zhu , Shu Yang , Xiaofei Wang

Evaluating heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE) across subgroups is common in both randomized trials and observational studies. Although several statistical challenges of HTE analyses including low statistical power and multiple…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-10 Noorie Hyun , Abisola E. Idu , Andrea J. Cook , Jennifer F. Bobb

Research in NLP is often supported by experimental results, and improved reporting of such results can lead to better understanding and more reproducible science. In this paper we analyze three statistical estimators for expected validation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Jesse Dodge , Suchin Gururangan , Dallas Card , Roy Schwartz , Noah A. Smith

Causal inference is vital for informed decision-making across fields such as biomedical research and social sciences. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for internal validity of inferences, whereas…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-02 Ruoqi Yu , Bikram Karmakar , Jessica Vandeleest , Eleanor Bimla Schwarz

The two main topics of this paper are the introduction of the "optimally tuned improper maximum likelihood estimator" (OTRIMLE) for robust clustering based on the multivariate Gaussian model for clusters, and a comprehensive simulation…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-01-31 Pietro Coretto , Christian Hennig

We propose two approaches for selecting variables in latent class analysis (i.e.,mixture model assuming within component independence), which is the common model-based clustering method for mixed data. The first approach consists in…

Computation · Statistics 2017-03-08 Matthieu Marbac , Mohammed Sedki

The correlated binomial (CB) distribution was proposed by Luce\~no (Computational Statistics $\&$ Data Analysis, 20, 1995, 511-520) as an alternative to the binomial distribution for the analysis of the data in the presence of correlations…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-25 Andrea Bennett , Min Wang

The extreme value index is a fundamental parameter in univariate Extreme Value Theory (EVT). It captures the tail behavior of a distribution and is central in the extrapolation beyond observed data. Among other semi-parametric methods (such…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-05-02 Clément Dombry , Ana Ferreira

Power systems are developing very fast nowadays, both in size and in complexity; this situation is a challenge for Early Event Detection (EED). This paper proposes a data- driven unsupervised learning method to handle this challenge.…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-09-16 Xing He , Robert Caiming Qiu , Qian Ai , Yinshuang Cao , Jie Gu , Zhijian Jin

Effective decision making from randomised controlled clinical trials relies on robust interpretation of the numerical results. However, the language we use to describe clinical trials can cause confusion both in trial design and in…

Randomized trials are typically designed to detect average treatment effects but often lack the statistical power to uncover individual-level treatment effect heterogeneity, limiting their value for personalized decision-making. To address…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-19 Rickard Karlsson , Piersilvio De Bartolomeis , Issa J. Dahabreh , Jesse H. Krijthe

When it is not feasible to conduct randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the use of external control arms based on real-world data (RWD) may be a viable option. However, challenges arising from data heterogeneity must be addressed to ensure…

Applications · Statistics 2026-03-02 Javier Cabrera , Berhanu Alemayehu , Demissie Alemayehu , Sofia Weigle

Cluster-randomized trials (CRTs) are widely used to evaluate interventions delivered at the clinic, practice, or community level. Although standard analyses typically target average treatment effects, such summaries mask potentially…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-16 Changjun Li , Xi Fang , Michael O. Harhay , Andrew B. Forbes , F. Perry Wilson , Guangyu Tong , Fan Li

Randomized clinical trials are the gold standard when estimating the average treatment effect. However, they are usually not a random sample from the real-world population because of the inclusion/exclusion rules. Meanwhile, observational…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-11 Kuan Jiang , Wenjie Hu , Shu Yang , Xinxing Lai , Xiaohua Zhou

We evaluate the performance of targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE) for estimating the average treatment effect in missing data scenarios under varying levels of positivity violations. We employ model- and design-based simulations,…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Christoph Wiederkehr , Christian Heumann , Michael Schomaker

We observe a $n$-sample, the distribution of which is assumed to belong, or at least to be close enough, to a given mixture model. We propose an estimator of this distribution that belongs to our model and possesses some robustness…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-02-06 Alexandre Lecestre

Real-world applications may be affected by outlying values. In the model-based clustering literature, several methodologies have been proposed to detect units that deviate from the majority of the data (rowwise outliers) and trim them from…

We study randomized experiments in bipartite systems where only a subset of treatment-side units are eligible for assignment while all units continue to interact, generating interference. We formalize eligibility-constrained bipartite…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-17 Albert Tan , Mohsen Bayati , James Nordlund , Roman Istomin