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It has recently been argued that AI models' representations are becoming aligned as their scale and performance increase. Empirical analyses have been designed to support this idea and conjecture the possible alignment of different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Francesco Insulla , Shuo Huang , Lorenzo Rosasco

Many ways of annotating a dataset for machine learning classification tasks that go beyond the usual class labels exist in practice. These are of interest as they can simplify or facilitate the collection of annotations, while not greatly…

Evaluating the readability of a text can significantly facilitate the precise expression of information in written form. The formulation of text readability assessment involves the identification of meaningful properties of the text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Hamid Mohammadi , Seyed Hossein Khasteh , Tahereh Firoozi , Taha Samavati

This paper studies the performance of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) in text classification tasks typical for political science research. By examining tasks like stance, topic, and relevance classification, we aim to guide…

Despite growing interest in using large language models (LLMs) to automate annotation, their effectiveness in complex, nuanced, and multi-dimensional labelling tasks remains relatively underexplored. This study focuses on annotation for the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Leila Tavakoli , Hamed Zamani

Achieving high-performance in multi-object tracking algorithms heavily relies on modeling spatio-temporal relationships during the data association stage. Mainstream approaches encompass rule-based and deep learning-based methods for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Zhonglin Liu , Shujie Chen , Jianfeng Dong , Xun Wang , Di Zhou

To understand how deep neural networks perform classification predictions, recent research attention has been focusing on developing techniques to offer desirable explanations. However, most existing methods cannot be easily applied for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Yuan-Chia Cheng , Zu-Yun Shiau , Fu-En Yang , Yu-Chiang Frank Wang

US corporations regularly spend millions of dollars reviewing electronically-stored documents in legal matters. Recently, attorneys apply text classification to efficiently cull massive volumes of data to identify responsive documents for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Christian Mahoney , Peter Gronvall , Nathaniel Huber-Fliflet , Jianping Zhang

Annotator disagreement is ubiquitous in natural language processing (NLP) tasks. There are multiple reasons for such disagreements, including the subjectivity of the task, difficult cases, unclear guidelines, and so on. Rather than simply…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Naihao Deng , Xinliang Frederick Zhang , Siyang Liu , Winston Wu , Lu Wang , Rada Mihalcea

Representation learning is a widely adopted framework for learning in data-scarce environments, aiming to extract common features from related tasks. While centralized approaches have been extensively studied, decentralized methods remain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Donghwa Kang , Shana Moothedath

Fine-grained annotations---e.g. dense image labels, image segmentation and text tagging---are useful in many ML applications but they are labor-intensive to generate. Moreover there are often systematic, structured errors in these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Abubakar Abid , James Zou

Temporal information has been the focus of recent attention in information extraction, leading to some standardization effort, in particular for the task of relating events in a text. This task raises the problem of comparing two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2014-01-17 Xavier Tannier , Philippe Muller

Digital data collected over the decades and data currently being produced with use of information technology is vastly the unlabeled data or data without description. The unlabeled data is relatively easy to acquire but expensive to label…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Kinyua Gikunda

Content moderation typically combines the efforts of human moderators and machine learning models. However, these systems often rely on data where significant disagreement occurs during moderation, reflecting the subjective nature of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Guillermo Villate-Castillo , Javier Del Ser , Borja Sanz

Despite the recent successes of deep learning, such models are still far from some human abilities like learning from few examples, reasoning and explaining decisions. In this paper, we focus on organ annotation in medical images and we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Régis Pierrard , Jean-Philippe Poli , Céline Hudelot

Discourse-annotated corpora are an important resource for the community, but they are often annotated according to different frameworks. This makes comparison of the annotations difficult, thereby also preventing researchers from searching…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-16 Vera Demberg , Fatemeh Torabi Asr , Merel Scholman

Argumentative structure prediction aims to establish links between textual units and label the relationship between them, forming a structured representation for a given input text. The former task, linking, has been identified by earlier…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Jan Wira Gotama Putra , Simone Teufel , Takenobu Tokunaga

Language models are often evaluated with scalar metrics like accuracy, but such measures fail to capture how models internally represent ambiguity, especially when human annotators disagree. We propose a topological perspective to analyze…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Nisrine Rair , Alban Goupil , Valeriu Vrabie , Emmanuel Chochoy

We study the problem of structured prediction under test-time budget constraints. We propose a novel approach applicable to a wide range of structured prediction problems in computer vision and natural language processing. Our approach…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-06-09 Tolga Bolukbasi , Kai-Wei Chang , Joseph Wang , Venkatesh Saligrama

Reliable evaluation protocols are of utmost importance for reproducible NLP research. In this work, we show that sometimes neither metric nor conventional human evaluation is sufficient to draw conclusions about system performance. Using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Yevgeniy Puzikov