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Solving the electronic structure problem via unitary evolution of the electronic Hamiltonian is one of the promising applications of digital quantum computers. One of the practical strategies to implement the unitary evolution is via…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-23 Luis A. Martínez-Martínez , Tzu-Ching Yen , Artur F. Izmaylov

In recent work [arXiv:2003.06939v2] a novel fermion to qubit mapping -- called the compact encoding -- was introduced which outperforms all previous local mappings in both the qubit to mode ratio, and the locality of mapped operators. There…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-27 Charles Derby , Joel Klassen

We present a method for encoding second-quantized fermionic systems in qubits when the number of fermions is conserved, as in the electronic structure problem. When the number $F$ of fermions is much smaller than the number $M$ of modes,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-09 William Kirby , Bryce Fuller , Charles Hadfield , Antonio Mezzacapo

Simulation of fermionic many-body systems on a quantum computer requires a suitable encoding of fermionic degrees of freedom into qubits. Here we revisit the Superfast Encoding introduced by Kitaev and one of the authors. This encoding maps…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-23 Kanav Setia , Sergey Bravyi , Antonio Mezzacapo , James D. Whitfield

We introduce a fermion-to-qubit mapping defined on ternary trees, where any single Majorana operator on an $n$-mode fermionic system is mapped to a multi-qubit Pauli operator acting nontrivially on $\lceil \log_3(2n+1)\rceil$ qubits. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-01 Zhang Jiang , Amir Kalev , Wojciech Mruczkiewicz , Hartmut Neven

Simulating the properties of many-body fermionic systems is an outstanding computational challenge relevant to material science, quantum chemistry, and particle physics. Although qubit-based quantum computers can potentially tackle this…

Simulating fermionic systems on a quantum computer requires representing fermionic states using qubits. The complexity of many simulation algorithms depends on the complexity of implementing rotations generated by fermionic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-08 Joseph Carolan , Luke Schaeffer

The utility of solving the Fermi-Hubbard model has been estimated in the billions of dollars. Digital quantum computers can in principle address this task, but have so far been limited to quasi one-dimensional models. This is because of…

We derive a rigorous, quantum mechanical map of fermionic creation and annihilation operators to continuous Cartesian variables that exactly reproduces the matrix structure of the many-fermion problem. We show how our scheme can be used to…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2018-03-20 Andrés Montoya-Castillo , Thomas E. Markland

Fermion-to-qubit mappings are used to represent fermionic modes on quantum computers, an essential first step in many quantum algorithms for electronic structure calculations. In this work, we present a formalism to design flexible…

This paper presents encoding and decoding algorithms for several families of optimal rank metric codes whose codes are in restricted forms of symmetric, alternating and Hermitian matrices. First, we show the evaluation encoding is the right…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Wrya K. Kadir , Chunlei Li , Ferdinando Zullo

We introduce a numerical method for generating the approximating polynomials used in fermionic calculations with smeared link actions. We investigate the stability of the algorithm and determine the optimal weight function and the optimal…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2009-11-10 S. D. Katz , B. C. Toth

Efficient encoding of electronic operators into qubits is essential for quantum chemistry simulations. The majority of methods map single electron states to qubits, effectively handling electron interactions. Alternatively, pairs of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Francisco Javier Del Arco Santos , Jakob S. Kottmann

We show how to absorb fermionic quantum simulation's expensive fermion-to-qubit mapping overhead into the overhead already incurred by surface-code-based fault-tolerant quantum computing. The key idea is to process information in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-10 Andrew J. Landahl , Benjamin C. A. Morrison

The operator algebra of fermionic modes is isomorphic to that of qubits, the difference between them is twofold: the embedding of subalgebras corresponding to mode subsets and multiqubit subsystems on the one hand, and the parity…

There is a class of entropy-coding methods which do not substitute symbols by code words (such as Huffman coding), but operate on intervals or ranges. This class includes three prominent members: conventional arithmetic coding, range…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Tilo Strutz , Nico Schreiber

We present a general strategy for mapping fermionic systems to quantum hardware with square qubit connectivity which yields low-depth quantum circuits, counted in the number of native two-qubit fSIM gates. We achieve this by leveraging…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-01 Manuel G. Algaba , P. V. Sriluckshmy , Martin Leib , Fedor Šimkovic

In this paper we study the Hamming-like fermionic code encoding three-qubits into sixteen Majorana modes recently introduced by Hastings. We show that although this fermionic code cannot be obtained from a single qubit stabilizer code via…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-01 Péter Lévay , Frédéric Holweck

Preserving spin symmetry in variational quantum algorithms is essential for producing physically meaningful electronic wavefunctions. Implementing spin-adapted transformations on quantum hardware, however, is challenging because the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Paarth Jain , Artur F. Izmaylov , Erik R. Kjellgren

We present a method to compute the Fermi function of the Hamiltonian for a system of independent fermions, based on an exact decomposition of the grand-canonical potential. This scheme does not rely on the localization of the orbitals and…

Materials Science · Physics 2009-11-13 Michele Ceriotti , Thomas Kuehne , Michele Parrinello