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Recently, large pre-trained language models, such as BERT, have reached state-of-the-art performance in many natural language processing tasks, but for many languages, including Estonian, BERT models are not yet available. However, there…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-11 Claudia Kittask , Kirill Milintsevich , Kairit Sirts

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly capable across global languages. However, the ability to communicate across languages does not necessarily translate to appropriate cultural representations. A key concern is US-centric…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jonathan Rystrøm , Hannah Rose Kirk , Scott Hale

BERT and other large-scale language models (LMs) contain gender and racial bias. They also exhibit other dimensions of social bias, most of which have not been studied in depth, and some of which vary depending on the language. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Jaimeen Ahn , Alice Oh

Multilingual contextual embeddings, such as multilingual BERT and XLM-RoBERTa, have proved useful for many multi-lingual tasks. Previous work probed the cross-linguality of the representations indirectly using zero-shot transfer learning on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Jindřich Libovický , Rudolf Rosa , Alexander Fraser

While Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) demonstrate promising multilingual capabilities, their evaluation is currently hindered by two critical limitations: (1) the use of non-parallel corpora, which conflates inherent language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Junyuan Gao , Jiahe Song , Jiang Wu , Runchuan Zhu , Guanlin Shen , Shasha Wang , Xingjian Wei , Haote Yang , Songyang Zhang , Weijia Li , Bin Wang , Dahua Lin , Lijun Wu , Conghui He

The cross-lingual language models are typically pretrained with masked language modeling on multilingual text or parallel sentences. In this paper, we introduce denoising word alignment as a new cross-lingual pre-training task.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Zewen Chi , Li Dong , Bo Zheng , Shaohan Huang , Xian-Ling Mao , Heyan Huang , Furu Wei

Large Language Models (LLMs) have remarkable capabilities across NLP tasks. However, their performance in multilingual contexts, especially within the mental health domain, has not been thoroughly explored. In this paper, we evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Nishat Raihan , Sadiya Sayara Chowdhury Puspo , Ana-Maria Bucur , Stevie Chancellor , Marcos Zampieri

Understanding the representations of different languages in multilingual language models is essential for comprehending their cross-lingual properties, predicting their performance on downstream tasks, and identifying any biases across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Cheril Shah , Yashashree Chandak , Manan Suri

Recent advancements in NLP have given us models like mBERT and XLMR that can serve over 100 languages. The languages that these models are evaluated on, however, are very few in number, and it is unlikely that evaluation datasets will cover…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Anirudh Srinivasan , Sunayana Sitaram , Tanuja Ganu , Sandipan Dandapat , Kalika Bali , Monojit Choudhury

Multilingual benchmarks guide the development of frontier models. Yet multilingual evaluations reported by frontier models are structured similar to popular reasoning and knowledge benchmarks, but across many languages. We show such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Ronald Skorobogat , Ameya Prabhu , Matthias Bethge

Recent state-of-the-art language models utilize a two-phase training procedure comprised of (i) unsupervised pre-training on unlabeled text, and (ii) fine-tuning for a specific supervised task. More recently, many studies have been focused…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-15 Itzik Malkiel , Lior Wolf

Script diversity presents a challenge to Multilingual Language Models (MLLM) by reducing lexical overlap among closely related languages. Therefore, transliterating closely related languages that use different writing scripts to a common…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Ibraheem Muhammad Moosa , Mahmud Elahi Akhter , Ashfia Binte Habib

We introduce JobBERT-V3, a contrastive learning-based model for cross-lingual job title matching. Building on the state-of-the-art monolingual JobBERT-V2, our approach extends support to English, German, Spanish, and Chinese by leveraging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Jens-Joris Decorte , Matthias De Lange , Jeroen Van Hautte

Large language models (LLMs) have become integral tools in diverse domains, yet their moral reasoning capabilities across cultural and linguistic contexts remain underexplored. This study investigates whether multilingual LLMs, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Meltem Aksoy

The rapid spread of multilingual misinformation requires robust automated fact verification systems capable of handling fine-grained veracity assessments across diverse languages. While large language models have shown remarkable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Hanna Shcharbakova , Tatiana Anikina , Natalia Skachkova , Josef van Genabith

Massively multilingual language models such as multilingual BERT offer state-of-the-art cross-lingual transfer performance on a range of NLP tasks. However, due to limited capacity and large differences in pretraining data sizes, there is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Jonas Pfeiffer , Ivan Vulić , Iryna Gurevych , Sebastian Ruder

Results reported in large-scale multilingual evaluations are often fragmented and confounded by factors such as target languages, differences in experimental setups, and model choices. We propose a framework that disentangles these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Songbo Hu , Ivan Vulić , Anna Korhonen

Multilingual BERT (mBERT) provides sentence representations for 104 languages, which are useful for many multi-lingual tasks. Previous work probed the cross-linguality of mBERT using zero-shot transfer learning on morphological and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Jindřich Libovický , Rudolf Rosa , Alexander Fraser

Multilingual pre-trained language models transfer remarkably well on cross-lingual downstream tasks. However, the extent to which they learn language-neutral representations (i.e., shared representations that encode similar phenomena across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Negar Foroutan , Mohammadreza Banaei , Remi Lebret , Antoine Bosselut , Karl Aberer

Although LLMs have attained significant success in high-resource languages, their capacity in low-resource linguistic environments like Kannada and Arabic is not yet fully understood. This work benchmarking the performance of multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Maitha Alshehhi , Ahmed Sharshar , Mohsen Guizani