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It is widely observed that deep learning models with learned parameters generalize well, even with much more model parameters than the number of training samples. We systematically investigate the underlying reasons why deep neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-29 Lei Wu , Zhanxing Zhu , Weinan E

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) has been the dominant optimization method for training deep neural networks due to its many desirable properties. One of the more remarkable and least understood quality of SGD is that it generalizes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Erhan Bilal

Advanced deep neural networks (DNNs), designed by either human or AutoML algorithms, are growing increasingly complex. Diverse operations are connected by complicated connectivity patterns, e.g., various types of skip connections. Those…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Wuyang Chen , Wei Huang , Xinyu Gong , Boris Hanin , Zhangyang Wang

Using an extended and formalized version of the Q/C map analysis of Poole et al. (2016), along with Neural Tangent Kernel theory, we identify the main pathologies present in deep networks that prevent them from training fast and…

Understanding the fundamental mechanism behind the success of deep neural networks is one of the key challenges in the modern machine learning literature. Despite numerous attempts, a solid theoretical analysis is yet to be developed. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Tolga Ergen , Mert Pilanci

Recent works have shown that on sufficiently over-parametrized neural nets, gradient descent with relatively large initialization optimizes a prediction function in the RKHS of the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK). This analysis leads to global…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-04-28 Colin Wei , Jason D. Lee , Qiang Liu , Tengyu Ma

We provide a theoretical explanation for the effectiveness of gradient clipping in training deep neural networks. The key ingredient is a new smoothness condition derived from practical neural network training examples. We observe that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-12 Jingzhao Zhang , Tianxing He , Suvrit Sra , Ali Jadbabaie

Deep neural networks are widely used in various domains. However, the nature of computations at each layer of the deep networks is far from being well understood. Increasing the interpretability of deep neural networks is thus important.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-19 Haiping Huang

Deep neural networks achieve stellar generalisation on a variety of problems, despite often being large enough to easily fit all their training data. Here we study the generalisation dynamics of two-layer neural networks in a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-21 Sebastian Goldt , Madhu S. Advani , Andrew M. Saxe , Florent Krzakala , Lenka Zdeborová

In many contexts, customized and weighted classification scores are designed in order to evaluate the goodness of the predictions carried out by neural networks. However, there exists a discrepancy between the maximization of such scores…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Francesco Marchetti , Sabrina Guastavino , Cristina Campi , Federico Benvenuto , Michele Piana

Generalization of deep neural networks remains one of the main open problems in machine learning. Previous theoretical works focused on deriving tight bounds of model complexity, while empirical works revealed that neural networks exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-31 James Wang , Cheng-Lin Yang

We provide the first global optimization landscape analysis of $Neural\;Collapse$ -- an intriguing empirical phenomenon that arises in the last-layer classifiers and features of neural networks during the terminal phase of training. As…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Zhihui Zhu , Tianyu Ding , Jinxin Zhou , Xiao Li , Chong You , Jeremias Sulam , Qing Qu

The ability of deep neural networks to generalise well even when they interpolate their training data has been explained using various "simplicity biases". These theories postulate that neural networks avoid overfitting by first learning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-29 Maria Refinetti , Alessandro Ingrosso , Sebastian Goldt

It is important to understand how the popular regularization method dropout helps the neural network training find a good generalization solution. In this work, we show that the training with dropout finds the neural network with a flatter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Zhongwang Zhang , Hanxu Zhou , Zhi-Qin John Xu

We introduce a new technique for gradient normalization during neural network training. The gradients are rescaled during the backward pass using normalization layers introduced at certain points within the network architecture. These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Alejandro Cabana , Luis F. Lago-Fernández

Deep neural networks are widely used prediction algorithms whose performance often improves as the number of weights increases, leading to over-parametrization. We consider a two-layered neural network whose first layer is frozen while the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Roman Worschech , Bernd Rosenow

Optimization and generalization are two essential aspects of statistical machine learning. In this paper, we propose a framework to connect optimization with generalization by analyzing the generalization error based on the optimization…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-13 Fusheng Liu , Haizhao Yang , Soufiane Hayou , Qianxiao Li

In this paper, we theoretically prove that gradient descent can find a global minimum of non-convex optimization of all layers for nonlinear deep neural networks of sizes commonly encountered in practice. The theory developed in this paper…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-18 Kenji Kawaguchi , Jiaoyang Huang

Skip connections and normalisation layers form two standard architectural components that are ubiquitous for the training of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), but whose precise roles are poorly understood. Recent approaches such as Deep Kernel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Bobby He , James Martens , Guodong Zhang , Aleksandar Botev , Andrew Brock , Samuel L Smith , Yee Whye Teh

Neural networks trained via gradient descent with random initialization and without any regularization enjoy good generalization performance in practice despite being highly overparametrized. A promising direction to explain this phenomenon…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Hancheng Min , Salma Tarmoun , Rene Vidal , Enrique Mallada