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Assessment of proficiency of the learner is an essential part of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS). We use Item Response Theory (IRT) in computer-aided language learning for assessment of student ability in two contexts: in test sessions,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Jue Hou , Anisia Katinskaia , Anh-Duc Vu , Roman Yangarber

Educational assessment relies heavily on knowing question difficulty, traditionally determined through resource-intensive pre-testing with students. This creates significant barriers for both classroom teachers and assessment developers. We…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Matias Hoyl

Semantics based knowledge representations such as ontologies are found to be very useful in automatically generating meaningful factual questions. Determining the difficulty level of these system generated questions is helpful to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-09-05 Vinu E. , P Sreenivasa Kumar

Item Response Theory becomes an increasingly important tool when analyzing ``Big Data'' gathered from online educational venues. However, the mechanism was originally developed in traditional exam settings, and several of its assumptions…

Physics Education · Physics 2014-05-29 Gerd Kortemeyer

Item difficulty plays a crucial role in test performance, interpretability of scores, and equity for all test-takers, especially in large-scale assessments. Traditional approaches to item difficulty modeling rely on field testing and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Sydney Peters , Nan Zhang , Hong Jiao , Ming Li , Tianyi Zhou , Robert Lissitz

Item (question) difficulties play a crucial role in educational assessments, enabling accurate and efficient assessment of student abilities and personalization to maximize learning outcomes. Traditionally, estimating item difficulties can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Alexander Scarlatos , Nigel Fernandez , Christopher Ormerod , Susan Lottridge , Andrew Lan

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) focus on manifold subjects, ranging from social sciences over languages to technical skills, and use different means to train the respective skills. MOOCs that are teaching programming skills aim to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-09-24 Ralf Teusner , Thomas Hille , Christiane Hagedorn

This paper presents the first item response theory (IRT) analysis of the national data set on introductory, general education, college-level astronomy teaching using the Light and Spectroscopy Concept Inventory (LSCI). We used the…

Physics Education · Physics 2017-10-27 Colin S. Wallace , Timothy G. Chambers , Edward E. Prather

Item Response Theory (IRT) models aim to assess latent abilities of $n$ examinees along with latent difficulty characteristics of $m$ test items from categorical data that indicates the quality of their corresponding answers. Classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Susanne Frick , Amer Krivošija , Alexander Munteanu

Item response theory (IRT) models have been widely used in educational measurement testing. When there are repeated observations available for individuals through time, a dynamic structure for the latent trait of ability needs to be…

Applications · Statistics 2013-04-17 Xiaojing Wang , James O. Berger , Donald S. Burdick

Cognitive diagnosis is a fundamental and crucial task in many educational applications, e.g., computer adaptive test and cognitive assignments. Item Response Theory (IRT) is a classical cognitive diagnosis method which can provide…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Song Cheng , Qi Liu

With the rise of online eTextbooks and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), a huge amount of data has been collected related to students' learning. With the careful analysis of this data, educators can gain useful insights into the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Ahmed Abd Elrahman , Taysir Hassan A Soliman , Ahmed I. Taloba , Mohammed F. Farghally

Item Response Theory (IRT) is a well known method for assessing responses from humans in education and psychology. In education, IRT is used to infer student abilities and characteristics of test items from student responses. Interactions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Antti Keurulainen , Isak Westerlund , Oskar Keurulainen , Andrew Howes

In Meta-Reinforcement Learning (meta-RL) an agent is trained on a set of tasks to prepare for and learn faster in new, unseen, but related tasks. The training tasks are usually hand-crafted to be representative of the expected distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Ricardo Luna Gutierrez , Matteo Leonetti

Directly learning from examples of varying difficulty levels is often challenging for both humans and machine learning models. A more effective strategy involves exposing learners to examples in a progressive order from easy to difficult.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Guangyu Meng , Qingkai Zeng , John P. Lalor , Hong Yu

Experimental evaluation is crucial in AI research, especially for assessing algorithms across diverse tasks. Many studies often evaluate a limited set of algorithms, failing to fully understand their strengths and weaknesses within a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Brodie Oldfield , Sevvandi Kandanaarachchi , Ziqi Xu , Mario Andrés Muñoz

Prediction of item difficulty based on its text content is of substantial interest. In this paper, we focus on the related problem of recovering IRT-based difficulty when the data originally reported item p-value (percent correct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Radhika Kapoor , Sang T. Truong , Nick Haber , Maria Araceli Ruiz-Primo , Benjamin W. Domingue

Item Response Theory (IRT) was originally developed in traditional exam settings, and it has been shown that the model does not readily transfer to formative assessment in the form of online homework. We investigate if this is mostly due to…

Physics Education · Physics 2015-03-24 Emre Gönülateş , Gerd Kortemeyer

Item Response Theory (IRT) has been proposed within the field of Educational Psychometrics to assess student ability as well as test question difficulty and discrimination power. More recently, IRT has been applied to evaluate machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-08-01 Sevvandi Kandanaarachchi , Kate Smith-Miles

Traditional methods for determining assessment item parameters, such as difficulty and discrimination, rely heavily on expensive field testing to collect student performance data for Item Response Theory (IRT) calibration. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Christopher Ormerod
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