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Language models are increasingly being deployed for general problem solving across a wide range of tasks, but are still confined to token-level, left-to-right decision-making processes during inference. This means they can fall short in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Shunyu Yao , Dian Yu , Jeffrey Zhao , Izhak Shafran , Thomas L. Griffiths , Yuan Cao , Karthik Narasimhan

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at understanding natural language but struggle with explicit commonsense reasoning. A recent trend of research suggests that the combination of LLM with robust symbolic reasoning systems can overcome this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Manuel Borroto , Katie Gallagher , Antonio Ielo , Irfan Kareem , Francesco Ricca , Alessandra Russo

Neural networks can be trained to rank the choices made by logical reasoners, resulting in more efficient searches for answers. A key step in this process is creating useful embeddings, i.e., numeric representations of logical statements.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yifan Zhang , Yasir White , Dean Clark , Joseph Sanchez , Jevon Lipsey , Ashely Hirst , Jeff Heflin

The existing methods for evaluating the inference abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have been predominantly results-centric, making it challenging to assess the inference process comprehensively. We introduce a novel approach using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Seungpil Lee , Woochang Sim , Donghyeon Shin , Wongyu Seo , Jiwon Park , Seokki Lee , Sanha Hwang , Sejin Kim , Sundong Kim

Training Large Language Models (LLMs) for chain-of-thought reasoning presents a significant challenge: supervised fine-tuning on a single "golden" rationale hurts generalization as it penalizes equally valid alternatives, whereas…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Mingye Zhu , Yi Liu , Zheren Fu , Quan Wang , Yongdong Zhang

Although language models demonstrate remarkable proficiency on mathematical benchmarks, it remains unclear whether this reflects true mathematical reasoning or statistical pattern matching over learning formal syntax. Most existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Michael Cooper , Samuel Cooper

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently achieved remarkable progress by leveraging Reinforcement Learning and extended Chain-of-Thought (CoT) techniques. However, the challenge of performing efficient language reasoning--especially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Zhong-Zhi Li , Xiao Liang , Zihao Tang , Lei Ji , Peijie Wang , Haotian Xu , Xing W , Haizhen Huang , Weiwei Deng , Yeyun Gong , Zhijiang Guo , Xiao Liu , Fei Yin , Cheng-Lin Liu

Mathematical reasoning is essential for problem-solving in education, science, and industry, serving as a crucial benchmark for evaluating artificial intelligence systems. As Large Language Models (LLMs) improve their reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Husnain Amjad , Raja Khurram Shahzad , Aamir Shahzad , Mehwish Fatima

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in reasoning tasks but face limitations in mathematical and complex logical reasoning. Existing methods to improve LLMs' logical capabilities either involve traceable or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Jiahao Yuan , Dehui Du , Hao Zhang , Zixiang Di , Usman Naseem

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive performance across various domains but still struggle with arithmetic reasoning tasks. Recent work shows the effectiveness of prompt design methods in enhancing reasoning capabilities.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Wenting Tan , Dongxiao Chen , Jieting Xue , Zihao Wang , Taijie Chen

Humans can observe a single, imperfect demonstration and immediately generalize to very different problem settings. Robots, in contrast, often require hundreds of examples and still struggle to generalize beyond the training conditions. We…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Ben Zandonati , Tomás Lozano-Pérez , Leslie Pack Kaelbling

Large language models (LLMs) are trained on vast, uncurated datasets that contain various forms of biases and language reinforcing harmful stereotypes that may be subsequently inherited by the models themselves. Therefore, it is essential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Jacob-Junqi Tian , Omkar Dige , D. B. Emerson , Faiza Khan Khattak

In-context learning (ICL) emerges as a promising capability of large language models (LLMs) by providing them with demonstration examples to perform diverse tasks. However, the underlying mechanism of how LLMs learn from the provided…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Lean Wang , Lei Li , Damai Dai , Deli Chen , Hao Zhou , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Xu Sun

Code provides a general syntactic structure to build complex programs and perform precise computations when paired with a code interpreter - we hypothesize that language models (LMs) can leverage code-writing to improve Chain of Thought…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Chengshu Li , Jacky Liang , Andy Zeng , Xinyun Chen , Karol Hausman , Dorsa Sadigh , Sergey Levine , Li Fei-Fei , Fei Xia , Brian Ichter

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in situations where human values are at stake, such as decision-making tasks that involve reasoning when performed by humans. We investigate the so-called reasoning capabilities of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Nathaniël de Leeuw , Marceau Nahon , Mathis Reymond , Raja Chatila , Mehdi Khamassi

Reasoning is an essential component of human intelligence in that it plays a fundamental role in our ability to think critically, support responsible decisions, and solve challenging problems. Traditionally, AI has addressed reasoning in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Ha-Thanh Nguyen , Ken Satoh , Francesca Toni , Randy Goebel , Kostas Stathis

Latent reasoning models (LRMs) have attracted significant research interest due to their low inference cost (relative to explicit reasoning models) and theoretical ability to explore multiple reasoning paths in parallel. However, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Connor Dilgren , Sarah Wiegreffe

Model merging, typically on Instruct and Thinking models, has shown remarkable performance for efficient reasoning. In this paper, we systematically revisit the simplest merging method that interpolates two weights directly. Particularly,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Taiqiang Wu , Runming Yang , Tao Liu , Jiahao Wang , Ngai Wong

State-of-the-art models in NLP are now predominantly based on deep neural networks that are opaque in terms of how they come to make predictions. This limitation has increased interest in designing more interpretable deep models for NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-27 Jay DeYoung , Sarthak Jain , Nazneen Fatema Rajani , Eric Lehman , Caiming Xiong , Richard Socher , Byron C. Wallace

We address the general task of structured commonsense reasoning: given a natural language input, the goal is to generate a graph such as an event -- or a reasoning-graph. To employ large language models (LMs) for this task, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-07 Aman Madaan , Shuyan Zhou , Uri Alon , Yiming Yang , Graham Neubig