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An automated market maker (AMM) is a state machine that manages pools of assets, allowing parties to buy and sell those assets according to a fixed mathematical formula. AMMs are typically implemented as smart contracts on blockchains, and…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-01-29 Kenan Wood , Maurice Herlihy , Hammurabi Mendes , Jonad Pulaj

We study axiomatic foundations for different classes of constant-function automated market makers (CFMMs). We focus particularly on separability and on different invariance properties under scaling. Our main results are an axiomatic…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Jan Christoph Schlegel , Mateusz Kwaśnicki , Akaki Mamageishvili

Two popular forms of automated market makers are constant sum and constant product (CSMM and CPMM respectively). Each has its advantages and disadvantages: CSMMs have stable exchange rates but are vulnerable to arbitrage and can sometimes…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2022-04-07 Alexander Port , Neelesh Tiruviluamala

This paper introduces and analyzes \emph{defensive rebalancing}, a novel mechanism for protecting constant-function market makers (CFMMs) from value leakage due to arbitrage. A \emph{rebalancing} transfers assets directly from one CFMM's…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Sam Devorsetz , Maurice Herlihy

We present a method for constructing Constant Function Market Makers (CFMMs) whose portfolio value functions match a desired payoff. More specifically, we show that the space of concave, nonnegative, nondecreasing, 1-homogeneous payoff…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-03-30 Guillermo Angeris , Alex Evans , Tarun Chitra

Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) face persistent challenges in liquidity retention and user engagement due to inefficiencies in conventional automated market maker (AMM) designs. This work proposes a dual-mechanism framework to address these…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-02-28 CY Yan , Steve Keol , Xo Co , Nate Leung

Automated market makers (AMM) have grown to obtain significant market share within the cryptocurrency ecosystem, resulting in a proliferation of new products pursuing exotic strategies for horizontal differentiation. Yet, their theoretical…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-05-07 Johannes Rude Jensen , Mohsen Pourpouneh , Kurt Nielsen , Omri Ross

This paper develops a rigorous mathematical framework for analyzing Concentrated Liquidity Market Makers (CLMMs) in Decentralized Finance (DeFi) within a continuous-time setting. We model the evolution of liquidity profiles as…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-12-25 Shen-Ning Tung , Tai-Ho Wang

Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are a cornerstone of decentralized finance. They are smart contracts (stateful programs) running on blockchains. They enable virtual token exchange: traders swap tokens with the AMM for a fee, while liquidity…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Hongyin Chen , Amit Vaisman , Ittay Eyal

We consider the social welfare that can be facilitated by a constant function market maker (CFMM). When there is sufficient liquidity available to the CFMM, it can approximate the optimal social welfare when all users transactions are…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Bruno Mazorra , Nicolás Della Penna

Automated market makers (AMMs) are one of the most prominent decentralized finance (DeFi) applications. AMMs allow users to trade different types of crypto-tokens, without the need to find a counter-party. There are several implementations…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Massimo Bartoletti , James Hsin-yu Chiang , Alberto Lluch-Lafuente

We present an automated market-making (AMM) cross-settlement mechanism for digital assets on interoperable blockchains, focusing on central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and stable coins. We develop an innovative approach for generating…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-09-28 Alex Lipton , Artur Sepp

Automated market makers (AMMs) are automata that trade electronic assets at rates set by mathematical formulas. AMMs are usually implemented by smart contracts on blockchains. In practice, AMMs are often composed: and outputs from AMMs can…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Daniel Engel , Maurice Herlihy

In a universal framework that expresses any market system in terms of state transition rules, we prove that every DeFi market system has an invariant function and is thus by definition a CFMM; indeed, all automated market makers (AMMs) are…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-01-01 Roger Lee

We investigate the market microstructure of Automated Market Makers (AMMs), the most prominent type of blockchain-based decentralized exchanges. We show that the order execution mechanism yields token value loss for liquidity providers if…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-07-22 Agostino Capponi , Ruizhe Jia

This article explores the optimisation of trading strategies in Constant Function Market Makers (CFMMs) and centralised exchanges. We develop a model that accounts for the interaction between these two markets, estimating the conditional…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2026-05-06 Sebastian Jaimungal , Yuri F. Saporito , Max O. Souza , Yuri Thamsten

Constant function market makers (CFMMs) such as Uniswap, Balancer, Curve, and mStable, among many others, make up some of the largest decentralized exchanges on Ethereum and other blockchains. Because all transactions are public in current…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Guillermo Angeris , Alex Evans , Tarun Chitra

Automated market makers (AMMs) have emerged as the dominant market mechanism for trading on decentralized exchanges implemented on blockchains. This paper presents a single mechanism that targets two important unsolved problems for AMMs:…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-02-13 Austin Adams , Ciamac C. Moallemi , Sara Reynolds , Dan Robinson

Blockchains have popularized the Automated Market Makers (AMMs), where users trade crypto-assets directly with a smart contract, governed by a pricing function embedded in the contract's code. Today, users of AMMs are often forced to accept…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yuhao Li , Elaine Shi , Mengqian Zhang

Market equilibria of matching markets offer an intuitive and fair solution for matching problems without money with agents who have preferences over the items. Such a matching market can be viewed as a variation of Fisher market, albeit…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-04-03 Saeed Alaei , Pooya Jalaly , Eva Tardos