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Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is an emerging research topic of machine learning aimed at unboxing how AI systems' black-box choices are made. This research field inspects the measures and models involved in decision-making and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Guang Yang , Qinghao Ye , Jun Xia

Although modern machine learning and deep learning methods allow for complex and in-depth data analytics, the predictive models generated by these methods are often highly complex, and lack transparency. Explainable AI (XAI) methods are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Mythreyi Velmurugan , Chun Ouyang , Catarina Moreira , Renuka Sindhgatta

The use of deep learning in computer vision tasks such as image classification has led to a rapid increase in the performance of such systems. Due to this substantial increment in the utility of these systems, the use of artificial…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-05 Vinay Jogani , Joy Purohit , Ishaan Shivhare , Seema C Shrawne

Despite the growing interest in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), explainability is rarely considered during hyperparameter tuning or neural architecture optimization, where the focus remains primarily on minimizing predictive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Alexander Hinterleitner , Thomas Bartz-Beielstein

Explainable AI (XAI) refers to techniques that provide human-understandable insights into the workings of AI models. Recently, the focus of XAI is being extended toward explaining Large Language Models (LLMs). This extension calls for a…

Concerns have arisen regarding the unregulated utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) outputs, potentially leading to various societal issues. While humans routinely validate information, manually inspecting the vast volumes of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Shota Aoki , Takahiro Katagiri , Satoshi Ohshima , Masatoshi Kawai , Toru Nagai , Tetsuya Hoshino

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods lack ground truth. In its place, method developers have relied on axioms to determine desirable properties for their explanations' behavior. For high stakes uses of machine learning that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Isha Hameed , Samuel Sharpe , Daniel Barcklow , Justin Au-Yeung , Sahil Verma , Jocelyn Huang , Brian Barr , C. Bayan Bruss

Black-box nature of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models do not allow users to comprehend and sometimes trust the output created by such model. In AI applications, where not only the results but also the decision paths to the results are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ibrahim Kok , Feyza Yildirim Okay , Ozgecan Muyanli , Suat Ozdemir

The remarkable success of deep learning has prompted interest in its application to medical imaging diagnosis. Even though state-of-the-art deep learning models have achieved human-level accuracy on the classification of different types of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-20 Cristiano Patrício , João C. Neves , Luís F. Teixeira

Artificial intelligence models encounter significant challenges due to their black-box nature, particularly in safety-critical domains such as healthcare, finance, and autonomous vehicles. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) addresses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Melkamu Mersha , Khang Lam , Joseph Wood , Ali AlShami , Jugal Kalita

Recent years have seen important advances in the quality of state-of-the-art models, but this has come at the expense of models becoming less interpretable. This survey presents an overview of the current state of Explainable AI (XAI),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Marina Danilevsky , Kun Qian , Ranit Aharonov , Yannis Katsis , Ban Kawas , Prithviraj Sen

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is often an integral part of modern decision support systems. The best-performing predictive models used in AI-based decision support systems lack transparency. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Tuwe Löfström , Helena Löfström , Ulf Johansson , Cecilia Sönströd , Rudy Matela

The overarching goal of Explainable AI is to develop systems that not only exhibit intelligent behaviours, but also are able to explain their rationale and reveal insights. In explainable machine learning, methods that produce a high level…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Xiuyi Fan , Siyuan Liu , Thomas C. Henderson

Artificial intelligence now outperforms humans in several scientific and engineering tasks, yet its internal representations often remain opaque. In this Perspective, we argue that explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), combined with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Ricardo Vinuesa , Steven L. Brunton , Gianmarco Mengaldo

Recent work demonstrated the existence of critical flaws in the current use of Shapley values in explainable AI (XAI), i.e. the so-called SHAP scores. These flaws are significant in that the scores provided to a human decision-maker can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Joao Marques-Silva , Xuanxiang Huang , Olivier Letoffe

Advancements in deep learning have enabled highly accurate arrhythmia detection from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, but limited interpretability remains a barrier to clinical adoption. This study investigates the application of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Joschka Beck , Arlene John

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques are used to provide transparency to complex, opaque predictive models. However, these techniques are often designed for image and text data, and it is unclear how fit-for-purpose they are…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Mythreyi Velmurugan , Chun Ouyang , Yue Xu , Renuka Sindhgatta , Bemali Wickramanayake , Catarina Moreira

Deep Learning has already been successfully applied to analyze industrial sensor data in a variety of relevant use cases. However, the opaque nature of many well-performing methods poses a major obstacle for real-world deployment.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Thomas Decker , Michael Lebacher , Volker Tresp

Explaining machine learning (ML) models using eXplainable AI (XAI) techniques has become essential to make them more transparent and trustworthy. This is especially important in high-stakes domains like healthcare, where understanding model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Felix Tempel , Daniel Groos , Espen Alexander F. Ihlen , Lars Adde , Inga Strümke

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to develop transparent explanatory approaches for "black-box" deep learning models. However,it remains difficult for existing methods to achieve the trade-off of the three key criteria in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Changqi Sun , Hao Xu , Yuntian Chen , Dongxiao Zhang
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