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The MEG (minimum equivalent graph) problem is, given a directed graph, to find a small subset of the edges that maintains all reachability relations between nodes. The problem is NP-hard. This paper gives a proof that, for graphs where each…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-06-02 Samir Khuller , Balaji Raghavachari , Neal Young

We study a graph pathfinding problem Distance-$r$ Independent Unlabeled Multi-Agent Pathfinding, finding a set of collision-free paths between two sets where agents must stay at pairwise distance at least $r+1$ at all times. This additional…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Takahiro Suzuki , Yuma Tamura , Keisuke Okumura

We aim to find orientations of mixed graphs optimizing the total reachability, a problem that has applications in causality and biology. For given a digraph $D$, we use $P(D)$ for the set of ordered pairs of distinct vertices in $V(D)$ and…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Florian Hörsch

The Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) problem aims to determine the shortest and collision-free paths for multiple agents in a known, potentially obstacle-ridden environment. It is the core challenge for robotic deployments in large-scale…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Shuhao Liao , Weihang Xia , Yuhong Cao , Weiheng Dai , Chengyang He , Wenjun Wu , Guillaume Sartoretti

Several recently developed Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) solvers scale to large MAPF instances by searching for MAPF plans on 2 levels: The high-level search resolves collisions between agents, and the low-level search plans paths for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-03-08 Hang Ma , T. K. Satish Kumar , Sven Koenig

Multi-agent path finding (MAPF) is the problem of finding paths for multiple agents such that they do not collide. This problem manifests in numerous real-world applications such as controlling transportation robots in automated warehouses,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Carmel Shabalin , Omri Kaduri , Roni Stern

Motion planning is a fundamental problem of robotics with applications in many areas of computer science and beyond. Its restriction to graphs has been investigated in the literature for it allows to concentrate on the combinatorial problem…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2009-04-14 Zhilin Wu , Stephane Grumbach

We study the so-called dynamic coverage problem by agents located in some topological graph. The agents must visit all regions of interest but they also should stay connected to the base via multi-hop. We prove that the algorithmic…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2018-10-16 Tristan Charrier , François Schwarzentruber , Eva Soulier

By a well known theorem of Robbins, a graph $G$ has a strongly connected orientation if and only if $G$ is 2-edge-connected and it is easy to find, in linear time, either a cut edge of $G$ or a strong orientation of $G$. A result of Durand…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-03-07 Jørgen Bang-Jensen , Florian Hörsch , Matthias Kriesell

We study a variant of the multi-agent path finding problem (MAPF) in which agents are required to remain connected to each other and to a designated base. This problem has applications in search and rescue missions where the entire…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-08 Arthur Queffelec , Ocan Sankur , François Schwarzentruber

The complexity of graph homomorphism problems has been the subject of intense study. It is a long standing open problem to give a (decidable) complexity dichotomy theorem for the partition function of directed graph homomorphisms. In this…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2010-08-06 Jin-Yi Cai , Xi Chen

Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) involves determining paths for multiple agents to travel simultaneously and collision-free through a shared area toward given goal locations. This problem is computationally complex, especially when dealing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Paul Friedrich , Yulun Zhang , Michael Curry , Ludwig Dierks , Stephen McAleer , Jiaoyang Li , Tuomas Sandholm , Sven Seuken

Distributing computations among agents in large networks reduces computational effort in multi-agent path finding (MAPF). One distribution strategy is prioritized planning (PP). In PP, we couple and prioritize interacting agents to achieve…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Patrick Scheffe , Julius Kahle , Bassam Alrifaee

Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) is an NP-hard problem well studied in artificial intelligence and robotics. It has many real-world applications for which existing MAPF solvers use various heuristics. However, these solvers are deterministic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-06-12 Liron Cohen , Glenn Wagner , T. K. Satish Kumar , Howie Choset , Sven Koenig

The MAPF problem is the fundamental problem of planning paths for multiple agents, where the key constraint is that the agents will be able to follow these paths concurrently without colliding with each other. Applications of MAPF include…

Multi-agent path finding (MAPF) is well-studied in artificial intelligence, robotics, theoretical computer science and operations research. We discuss issues that arise when generalizing MAPF methods to real-world scenarios and four…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-02-21 Hang Ma , Sven Koenig , Nora Ayanian , Liron Cohen , Wolfgang Hoenig , T. K. Satish Kumar , Tansel Uras , Hong Xu , Craig Tovey , Guni Sharon

Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) is a challenging combinatorial problem that asks us to plan collision-free paths for a team of cooperative agents. In this work, we show that one of the reasons why MAPF is so hard to solve is due to a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Jiaoyang Li , Daniel Harabor , Peter J. Stuckey , Sven Koenig

Multi-agent Pathfinding (MAPF) problem generally asks to find a set of conflict-free paths for a set of agents confined to a graph and is typically solved in a centralized fashion. Conversely, in this work, we investigate the decentralized…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Alexey Skrynnik , Anton Andreychuk , Maria Nesterova , Konstantin Yakovlev , Aleksandr Panov

Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) is a fundamental problem in robotics that asks us to compute collision-free paths for a team of agents, all moving across a shared map. Although many works appear on this topic, all current algorithms…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Zhe Chen , Daniel Harabor , Jiaoyang Li , Peter J. Stuckey

The multi-agent path finding (MAPF) problem is a combinatorial search problem that aims at finding paths for multiple agents (e.g., robots) in an environment (e.g., an autonomous warehouse) such that no two agents collide with each other,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Aysu Bogatarkan , Esra Erdem