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The rapid growth of Machine Learning (ML) has increased demand for DNN hardware accelerators, but their embodied carbon footprint poses significant environmental challenges. This paper leverages approximate computing to design sustainable…

Given the stringent requirements of energy efficiency for Internet-of-Things edge devices, approximate multipliers, as a basic component of many processors and accelerators, have been constantly proposed and studied for decades, especially…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Ying Wu , Chuangtao Chen , Weihua Xiao , Xuan Wang , Chenyi Wen , Jie Han , Xunzhao Yin , Weikang Qian , Cheng Zhuo

Today every circuit has to face the power consumption issue for both portable device aiming at large battery life and high end circuits avoiding cooling packages and reliability issues that are too complex. It is generally accepted that…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2010-07-15 C. N. Marimuthu , P. Thangaraj , Aswathy Ramesan

Researchers and designers are facing problems with memory and power walls, considering the pervasiveness of Von-Neumann architecture in the design of processors and the problems caused by reducing the dimensions of deep sub-micron…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Seyed Erfan Fatemieh , Mohammad Reza Reshadinezhad

In recent years, processing in memory (PIM) based mixedsignal designs have been proposed as energy- and area-efficient solutions with ultra high throughput to accelerate DNN computations. However, PIM designs are sensitive to imperfections…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Payman Behnam , Uday Kamal , Saibal Mukhopadhyay

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as a promising approach to improve the energy efficiency of machine learning models, as they naturally implement event-driven computations while avoiding expensive multiplication operations. In…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Anagha Nimbekar , Prabodh Katti , Chen Li , Bashir M. Al-Hashimi , Amit Acharyya , Bipin Rajendran

A switched-capacitor matrix multiplier is presented for approximate computing and machine learning applications. The multiply-and-accumulate operations perform discrete-time charge-domain signal processing using passive switches and 300 aF…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2016-12-06 Edward H. Lee , S. Simon Wong

Reducing power consumption in AI accelerators is increasingly important. Approximate computing can reduce power consumption while keeping the accuracy loss small. Since multipliers are power-hungry components in AI models, this paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Chang Meng , Hanyu Wang , Yuyang Ye , Mingfei Yu , Wayne Burleson , Giovanni De Micheli

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) require highly efficient matrix multiplication engines for complex computations. This paper presents a systolic array architecture incorporating novel exact and approximate processing elements (PEs), designed…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Pragun Jaswal , L. Hemanth Krishna , B. Srinivasu

In this paper, we propose a scalable approximate multiplier design, scaleTRIM, that approximates the multiplication operation using fitted linear functions, also referred to as linearization. We show that multiplication operations can be…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Ebrahim Farahmand , Mohammad Javad Askarizadeh , Ali Mahani , Behnam Ghavami , Hassan Ghasemzadeh , Muhammad Abdullah Hanif , Muhammad Shafique

In this work, we introduce a control variate approximation technique for low error approximate Deep Neural Network (DNN) accelerators. The control variate technique is used in Monte Carlo methods to achieve variance reduction. Our approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Georgios Zervakis , Ourania Spantidi , Iraklis Anagnostopoulos , Hussam Amrouch , Jörg Henkel

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved great breakthroughs in many fields such as image classification and natural language processing. However, the execution of DNNs needs to conduct massive numbers of multiply-accumulate (MAC)…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Bo Liu , Grace Li Zhang , Xunzhao Yin , Ulf Schlichtmann , Bing Li

Hardware accelerations of deep learning systems have been extensively investigated in industry and academia. The aim of this paper is to achieve ultra-high energy efficiency and performance for hardware implementations of deep neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-20 Yanzhi Wang , Caiwen Ding , Zhe Li , Geng Yuan , Siyu Liao , Xiaolong Ma , Bo Yuan , Xuehai Qian , Jian Tang , Qinru Qiu , Xue Lin

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are being heavily utilized in modern applications and are putting energy-constraint devices to the test. To bypass high energy consumption issues, approximate computing has been employed in DNN accelerators to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Ourania Spantidi , Georgios Zervakis , Iraklis Anagnostopoulos , Jörg Henkel

In this paper, we present an energy-efficient, yet high-speed approximate maximally redundant signed digit (MRSD) multiplier (called AMR-MUL) based on a parallel structure. For the reduction stage, we suggest several approximate Full-Adder…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Saba Amanollahi , Mehdi Kamal , Ali-Afzali-Kusha , Massoud Pedram

Recently, the demand of low-power deep-learning hardware for industrial applications has been increasing. Most existing artificial intelligence (AI) chips have evolved to rely on new chip technologies rather than on radically new hardware…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-14 Byungik Ahn

Traditional Deep Neural Network (DNN) quantization methods using integer, fixed-point, or floating-point data types struggle to capture diverse DNN parameter distributions at low precision, and often require large silicon overhead and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Akshat Ramachandran , Zishen Wan , Geonhwa Jeong , John Gustafson , Tushar Krishna

In this paper, we present a multiplier based on a sequence of approximated accumulations. According to a given splitting point of the carry chains, the technique herein introduced allows varying the quality of the accumulations and,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-05-26 Jorge Echavarria , Stefan Wildermann , Oliver Keszocze , Faramarz Khosravi , Andreas Becher , Jürgen Teich

The objective of this paper is to design an efficient and convergent alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) for finding a solution of medium accuracy to conic programming problems whose constraints consist of linear equalities,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-12-02 Defeng Sun , Kim-Chuan Toh , Liuqin Yang

The resource requirements of deep neural networks (DNNs) pose significant challenges to their deployment on edge devices. Common approaches to address this issue are pruning and mixed-precision quantization, which lead to latency and memory…