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Artificial intelligence algorithms are increasingly used by firms to set prices. Previous research shows that they can exhibit collusive behaviour, but how quickly they can do so has so far remained an open question. I show that a modern…

General Economics · Economics 2026-04-20 Kevin Michael Frick

With the development of artificial intelligence technology, quantitative trading systems represented by reinforcement learning have emerged in the stock trading market. The authors combined the deep Q network in reinforcement learning with…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-12-01 Yizhuo Li , Peng Zhou , Fangyi Li , Xiao Yang

In reinforcement learning, reward shaping is an efficient way to guide the learning process of an agent, as the reward can indicate the optimal policy of the task. The potential-based reward shaping framework was proposed to guarantee…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Yifei Chen , Lambert Schomaker , Francisco Cruz

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms can learn complex policies to optimize agent operation over time. RL algorithms have shown promising results in solving complicated problems in recent years. However, their application on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Hamed Khorasgani , Haiyan Wang , Chetan Gupta , Susumu Serita

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) finds extensive application in autonomous drone navigation within complex, high-risk environments. However, its practical deployment faces a safety-exploration dilemma: soft penalty mechanisms encourage…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Wentao Chen , Jingtang Chen , Mingjian Fu , Tiantian Li , Youfeng Su , Wenxi Liu , Yuanlong Yu

Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm is one of the most well-known reinforcement learning methods. However, this method is inefficient and unstable in practical applications. On the other hand, the bias and variance of the Q…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-02 Shuai Han , Wenbo Zhou , Shuai Lü , Jiayu Yu

In this paper we propose a deep recurrent architecture for the probabilistic modelling of high-frequency market prices, important for the risk management of automated trading systems. Our proposed architecture incorporates probabilistic…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-04-06 Ye-Sheen Lim , Denise Gorse

Optimal trade execution is an important problem faced by essentially all traders. Much research into optimal execution uses stringent model assumptions and applies continuous time stochastic control to solve them. Here, we instead take a…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2020-06-09 Brian Ning , Franco Ho Ting Lin , Sebastian Jaimungal

Advances in Reinforcement Learning (RL) span a wide variety of applications which motivate development in this area. While application tasks serve as suitable benchmarks for real world problems, RL is seldomly used in practical scenarios…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-04-02 Karush Suri , Xiao Qi Shi , Konstantinos Plataniotis , Yuri Lawryshyn

Energy arbitrage is one of the most profitable sources of income for battery operators, generating revenues by buying and selling electricity at different prices. Forecasting these revenues is challenging due to the inherent uncertainty of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Manuel Sage , Joshua Campbell , Yaoyao Fiona Zhao

The deployment of autonomous AI agents in derivatives markets has widened a practical gap between static model calibration and realized hedging outcomes. We introduce two reinforcement learning frameworks, a novel Replication Learning of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Minxuan Hu , Ziheng Chen , Jiayu Yi , Wenxi Sun

This study investigates the development of an optimal execution strategy through reinforcement learning, aiming to determine the most effective approach for traders to buy and sell inventory within a finite time horizon. Our proposed model…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-11-04 Yadh Hafsi , Edoardo Vittori

In urban environments, supply resources have to be constantly matched to the "right" locations (where customer demand is present) so as to improve quality of life. For instance, ambulances have to be matched to base stations regularly so as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-25 Abhinav Bhatia , Pradeep Varakantham , Akshat Kumar

Prediction of future movement of stock prices has been a subject matter of many research work. There is a gamut of literature of technical analysis of stock prices where the objective is to identify patterns in stock price movements and…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-09-07 Sidra Mehtab , Jaydip Sen

Chaos-based reinforcement learning (CBRL) is a method in which the agent's internal chaotic dynamics drives exploration. However, the learning algorithms in CBRL have not been thoroughly developed in previous studies, nor have they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Toshitaka Matsuki , Yusuke Sakemi , Kazuyuki Aihara

In recent years, many practitioners in quantitative finance have attempted to use Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to build better quantitative trading (QT) strategies. Nevertheless, many existing studies fail to address several serious…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2022-06-14 Zitao Song , Xuyang Jin , Chenliang Li

Thanks to the high potential for profit, trading has become increasingly attractive to investors as the cryptocurrency and stock markets rapidly expand. However, because financial markets are intricate and dynamic, accurately predicting…

Reinforcement learning is explored as a candidate machine learning technique to enhance existing analytical solutions for optimal trade execution with elements from the market microstructure. Given a volume-to-trade, fixed time horizon and…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2016-02-19 Dieter Hendricks , Diane Wilcox

We evaluate benchmark deep reinforcement learning algorithms on the task of portfolio optimisation using simulated data. The simulator to generate the data is based on correlated geometric Brownian motion with the Bertsimas-Lo market impact…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Chung I Lu

In this paper, we propose a machine learning algorithm for time-inconsistent portfolio optimization. The proposed algorithm builds upon neural network based trading schemes, in which the asset allocation at each time point is determined by…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2023-09-06 Kristoffer Andersson , Cornelis W. Oosterlee