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Near-field propagation in extremely large-scale MIMO (XL-MIMO) enlarges the beam training (BT) search space by introducing an additional range dimension, which makes conventional codebook-based beam sweeping prohibitively expensive under…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-13 Xinyang Li , Songjie Yang , Xiang Ling , Jianhui Song , Yibo Wang , Hua Chen

Extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) systems are capable of improving spectral efficiency by employing far more antennas than conventional massive MIMO at the base station (BS). However, beam training in multiuser…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Wang Liu , Cunhua Pan , Hong Ren , Jiangzhou Wang , Robert Schober , Lajos Hanzo

Future sixth-generation (6G) systems are expected to leverage extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) technology, which significantly expands the range of the near-field region. While accurate channel estimation is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Shicong Liu , Xianghao Yu , Zhen Gao , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng

Extra-large scale MIMO (XL-MIMO) is a key technology for meeting sixth-generation (6G) requirements for high-rate connectivity and uniform quality of service (QoS); however, its deployment is challenged by the prohibitive complexity of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Gabriel Avanzi Ubiali , José Carlos Marinello Filho , Taufik Abrão

In this paper, beam training and beam tracking are investigated for extremely large-scale multiple-input-multiple-output communication systems with partially-connected hybrid combining structures. Firstly, we propose a two-stage…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Kangjian Chen , Chenhao Qi , Cheng-Xiang Wang , Geoffrey Ye Li

In pursuit of enhanced quality of service and higher transmission rates, communication within the mid-band spectrum, such as bands in the 6-15 GHz range, combined with extra large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO), is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Jiachen Tian , Yu Han , Xiao Li , Shi Jin , Chao-Kai Wen

Beam training based on hierarchical codebook for millimeter wave (mmWave) massive MIMO is investigated. Unlike the existing work using the same hierarchical codebook to estimate different multi-path components (MPCs), dynamic hierarchical…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-01-08 Kangjian Chen , Chenhao Qi

Extremely large-scale multiple-input-multiple-output (XL-MIMO) at millimeter-wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) bands plays an important role in supporting extreme high beamforming gain as well as ultra-wideband spectrum resources.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Mingyao Cui , Linglong Dai

Extremely large-scale multiple-input-multiple-output (XL-MIMO), which offers vast spatial degrees of freedom, has emerged as a potentially pivotal enabling technology for the sixth generation (6G) of wireless mobile networks. With its…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Zhe Wang , Jiayi Zhang , Hongyang Du , Dusit Niyato , Shuguang Cui , Bo Ai , Mérouane Debbah , Khaled B. Letaief , H. Vincent Poor

The problem of excessive pilot overhead required for uplink massive MIMO channel estimation is well known, let alone when it is considered along with wideband (OFDM) transmissions. Towards channel estimators that are both efficient and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Gerhard Wunder , Stelios Stefanatos , Axel Flinth , Ingo Roth , Giuseppe Caire

Terahertz (THz) communications have emerged as a key technology for escalating data rates in future generation wireless networks. However, severe propagation losses at THz frequencies pose significant challenges, which can be mitigated via…

Extremely large-scale multiple-input-multiple-output (XL-MIMO) with hybrid precoding is a promising technique to meet the high data rate requirements for future 6G communications. To realize efficient hybrid precoding, it is essential to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Mingyao Cui , Linglong Dai

Near-field communication comes to be an indispensable part of the future sixth generation (6G) communications at the arrival of the forth-coming deployment of extremely large-scale multiple-input-multiple-output (XL-MIMO) systems. Due to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-04 Haochen Wu , Liyang Lu , Zhaocheng Wang

This paper investigates the design of channel estimation and 3D localization algorithms in a challenging scenario, where a sub-connected planar extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) communicates with multi-antenna…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-24 Kangda Zhi , Tianyu Yang , Songyan Xue , Giuseppe Caire

The problem of wideband massive MIMO channel estimation is considered. Targeting for low complexity algorithms as well as small training overhead, a compressive sensing (CS) approach is pursued. Unfortunately, due to the Kronecker-type…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-03-30 Gerhard Wunder , Ingo Roth , Axel Flinth , Mahdi Barzegar , Saeid Haghighatshoar , Giuseppe Caire , Gitta Kutyniok

In this paper, we study the problem of extremely large (XL) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel estimation in the terahertz (THz) frequency band, considering the presence of propagation delays across the entire array apertures at…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Evangelos Vlachos , Aryan Kaushik , Yonina C. Eldar , George C. Alexandropoulos

The deployment of extremely large antenna arrays (ELAAs) in extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) systems introduces significant near-field effects, such as spherical wavefront propagation and spatially…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Anzheng Tang , Jun-Bo Wang , Yijin Pan , Tuo Wu , Yijian Chen , Hongkang Yu , Maged Elkashlan

To mitigate the issue of limited base station coverage caused by severe high-frequency electromagnetic wave attenuation, Extremely Large Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (XL-RIS) has garnered significant attention due to its high beam…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-18 Yida Zhang , Qiuyan Liu , Qiang Wang , Hongtao Luo , Yuqi Xia

Extremely large-scale multiple-input multipleoutput (XL-MIMO) is believed to be a cornerstone of sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. XL-MIMO uses more antennas to both achieve unprecedented spatial degrees of freedom (DoFs) and exploit…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-16 Hao Lei , Jiayi Zhang , Zhe Wang , Huahua Xiao , Bo Ai , Emil Björnson

Extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) is capable of supporting extremely high system capacities with large numbers of users. In this work, we build a framework for the analysis and low-complexity design of XL-MIMO…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-13 Kangda Zhi , Cunhua Pan , Hong Ren , Kok Keong Chai , Cheng-Xiang Wang , Robert Schober , Xiaohu You