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Automatic ICD coding is the task of assigning codes from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) to medical notes. These codes describe the state of the patient and have multiple applications, e.g., computer-assisted diagnosis or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Damian Pascual , Sandro Luck , Roger Wattenhofer

Automatic ICD coding, the task of assigning disease and procedure codes to electronic medical records, is crucial for clinical documentation and billing. While existing methods primarily enhance model understanding of code hierarchies and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Tuan-Dung Le , Shohreh Haddadan , Thanh Q. Thieu

Within the intensive care unit (ICU), a wealth of patient data, including clinical measurements and clinical notes, is readily available. This data is a valuable resource for comprehending patient health and informing medical decisions, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Ryan King , Tianbao Yang , Bobak Mortazavi

Automated International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding assigns standardized diagnosis and procedure codes to clinical records, playing a critical role in healthcare systems. However, existing methods face challenges such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Mucheng Ren , He Chen , Yuchen Yan , Danqing Hu , Jun Xu , Xian Zeng

Clinical coding maps clinical documentation to standardized medical codes, an essential yet time-consuming administrative task that could benefit from automation. Current models on ICD coding are typically optimized for codes from a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jinghui Liu , Anthony Nguyen

Clinical notes in healthcare facilities are tagged with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code; a list of classification codes for medical diagnoses and procedures. ICD coding is a challenging multilabel text classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Thanh-Tung Nguyen , Viktor Schlegel , Abhinav Kashyap , Stefan Winkler

Automatically classifying electronic health records (EHRs) into diagnostic codes has been challenging to the NLP community. State-of-the-art methods treated this problem as a multilabel classification problem and proposed various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Chao-Wei Huang , Shang-Chi Tsai , Yun-Nung Chen

ICD coding from electronic clinical records is a manual, time-consuming and expensive process. Code assignment is, however, an important task for billing purposes and database organization. While many works have studied the problem of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Arthur D. Reys , Danilo Silva , Daniel Severo , Saulo Pedro , Marcia M. de Souza e Sá , Guilherme A. C. Salgado

Clinical notes are assigned ICD codes - sets of codes for diagnoses and procedures. In the recent years, predictive machine learning models have been built for automatic ICD coding. However, there is a lack of widely accepted benchmarks for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Thanh-Tung Nguyen , Viktor Schlegel , Abhinav Kashyap , Stefan Winkler , Shao-Syuan Huang , Jie-Jyun Liu , Chih-Jen Lin

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) are the de facto codes used globally for clinical coding. These codes enable healthcare providers to claim reimbursement and facilitate efficient storage and retrieval of diagnostic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Pavithra Rajendran , Alexandros Zenonos , Josh Spear , Rebecca Pope

Multi-label learning predicts a subset of labels from a given label set for an unseen instance while considering label correlations. A known challenge with multi-label classification is the long-tailed distribution of labels. Many studies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Vithya Yogarajan , Bernhard Pfahringer , Tony Smith , Jacob Montiel

This paper proposes a knowledge-enhanced disease diagnosis method based on a prompt learning framework. The method retrieves structured knowledge from external knowledge graphs related to clinical cases, encodes it, and injects it into the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Zhang Zheng

In the context of the Electronic Health Record, automated diagnosis coding of patient notes is a useful task, but a challenging one due to the large number of codes and the length of patient notes. We investigate four models for assigning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-22 Tal Baumel , Jumana Nassour-Kassis , Raphael Cohen , Michael Elhadad , No`emie Elhadad

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) serves as a definitive medical classification system encompassing a wide range of diseases and conditions. The primary objective of ICD indexing is to allocate a subset of ICD codes to a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Xindi Wang , Robert E. Mercer , Frank Rudzicz

This paper achieves state of the art results for the ICD code prediction task using the MIMIC-III dataset. This was achieved through the use of Clinical BERT (Alsentzer et al., 2019). embeddings and text augmentation and label balancing to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Brent Biseda , Gaurav Desai , Haifeng Lin , Anish Philip

Background: Encouraged by the success of pretrained Transformer models in many natural language processing tasks, their use for International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding tasks is now actively being explored. In this study, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Leibo Liu , Oscar Perez-Concha , Anthony Nguyen , Vicki Bennett , Louisa Jorm

This study harnesses state-of-the-art AI technology for detecting mental disorders through user-generated textual content. Existing studies typically rely on fully supervised machine learning, which presents challenges such as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Haoxin Liu , Wenli Zhang , Jiaheng Xie , Buomsoo Kim , Zhu Zhang , Yidong Chai , Sudha Ram

Prompt-based fine-tuning for pre-trained models has proven effective for many natural language processing tasks under few-shot settings in general domain. However, tuning with prompt in biomedical domain has not been investigated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Haochun Wang , Chi Liu , Nuwa Xi , Sendong Zhao , Meizhi Ju , Shiwei Zhang , Ziheng Zhang , Yefeng Zheng , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

ICD(International Classification of Diseases) coding involves assigning ICD codes to patients visit based on their medical notes. ICD coding is a challenging multilabel text classification problem due to noisy medical document inputs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Bin Zhang , Junli Wang

The task of assigning diagnostic ICD codes to patient hospital admissions is typically performed by expert human coders. Efforts towards automated ICD coding are dominated by supervised deep learning models. However, difficulties in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Joseph S. Boyle , Antanas Kascenas , Pat Lok , Maria Liakata , Alison Q. O'Neil