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Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed learning approach that trains machine learning models across multiple devices while keeping their local data private. However, FL often faces challenges due to data heterogeneity, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Dun Zeng , Zheshun Wu , Shiyu Liu , Yu Pan , Xiaoying Tang , Zenglin Xu

This paper addresses intra-client and inter-client covariate shifts in federated learning (FL) with a focus on the overall generalization performance. To handle covariate shifts, we formulate a new global model training paradigm and propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Ali Ramezani-Kebrya , Fanghui Liu , Thomas Pethick , Grigorios Chrysos , Volkan Cevher

Federated Learning (FL) is a novel, multidisciplinary Machine Learning paradigm where multiple clients, such as mobile devices, collaborate to solve machine learning problems. Initially introduced in Kone{\v{c}}n{\'y} et al. (2016a,b);…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Konstantin Burlachenko

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed learning process where the model (weights and checkpoints) is transferred to the devices that posses data rather than the classical way of transferring and aggregating the data centrally. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Sudipta Paul , Poushali Sengupta , Subhankar Mishra

Federated learning (FL) is a heavily promoted approach for training ML models on sensitive data, e.g., text typed by users on their smartphones. FL is expressly designed for training on data that are unbalanced and non-iid across the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-07 Tao Yu , Eugene Bagdasaryan , Vitaly Shmatikov

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning paradigm where clients collaboratively train a model using their local (human-generated) datasets. While existing studies focus on FL algorithm development to tackle data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Shuqi Ke , Chao Huang , Xin Liu

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across decentralized clients without sharing raw data, yet faces significant challenges in real-world settings where client data distributions evolve dynamically over time. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Rahul Atul Bhope , K. R. Jayaram , Praveen Venkateswaran , Nalini Venkatasubramanian

Federated learning (FL), as an emerging artificial intelligence (AI) approach, enables decentralized model training across multiple devices without exposing their local training data. FL has been increasingly gaining popularity in both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Victoria Huang , Shaleeza Sohail , Michael Mayo , Tania Lorido Botran , Mark Rodrigues , Chris Anderson , Melanie Ooi

Federated Learning (FL) is a decentralized machine learning protocol that allows a set of participating agents to collaboratively train a model without sharing their data. This makes FL particularly suitable for settings where data privacy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Mustafa Safa Ozdayi , Murat Kantarcioglu , Rishabh Iyer

Federated learning (FL) allows the collaborative training of AI models without needing to share raw data. This capability makes it especially interesting for healthcare applications where patient and data privacy is of utmost concern.…

Federated learning (FL) is an appealing concept to perform distributed training of Neural Networks (NN) while keeping data private. With the industrialization of the FL framework, we identify several problems hampering its successful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Lixuan Yang , Cedric Beliard , Dario Rossi

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning approach involving multiple clients collaboratively training a shared model. Such a system has the advantage of more training data from multiple clients, but data can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Sone Kyaw Pye , Han Yu

The emerging paradigm of federated learning (FL) strives to enable collaborative training of deep models on the network edge without centrally aggregating raw data and hence improving data privacy. In most cases, the assumption of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Xiaoxiao Li , Meirui Jiang , Xiaofei Zhang , Michael Kamp , Qi Dou

As methods to create discrimination-aware models develop, they focus on centralized ML, leaving federated learning (FL) unexplored. FL is a rising approach for collaborative ML, in which an aggregator orchestrates multiple parties to train…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Annie Abay , Yi Zhou , Nathalie Baracaldo , Shashank Rajamoni , Ebube Chuba , Heiko Ludwig

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative training across multiple clients while preserving data privacy, yet it struggles with data heterogeneity, where clients' data are not distributed independently and identically (non-IID). This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Incheol Baek , Hyungbin Kim , Minseo Kim , Yon Dohn Chung

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning strategy that enables participants to collaborate and train a shared model without sharing their individual datasets. Privacy and fairness are crucial considerations in FL. While FL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Ayush K. Varshney , Sonakshi Garg , Arka Ghosh , Sargam Gupta

Federated learning (FL) provides a privacy-preserving solution for distributed machine learning tasks. One challenging problem that severely damages the performance of FL models is the co-occurrence of data heterogeneity and long-tail…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Xinyi Shang , Yang Lu , Gang Huang , Hanzi Wang

Federated learning (FL) is becoming a popular paradigm for collaborative learning over distributed, private datasets owned by non-trusting entities. FL has seen successful deployment in production environments, and it has been adopted in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Ahmed M. Abdelmoniem , Chen-Yu Ho , Pantelis Papageorgiou , Muhammad Bilal , Marco Canini

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging distributed machine learning paradigm proposed for privacy preservation. Unlike traditional centralized learning approaches, FL enables multiple users to collaboratively train a shared global model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Hangyu Zhu , Liyuan Huang , Zhenping Xie

Federated Learning (FL) is a machine learning paradigm in which many clients cooperatively train a single centralized model while keeping their data private and decentralized. FL is commonly used in edge computing, which involves placing…