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This paper aims to help structure the risk landscape associated with large-scale Language Models (LMs). In order to foster advances in responsible innovation, an in-depth understanding of the potential risks posed by these models is needed.…

Obtaining meaningful quality scores for machine translation systems through human evaluation remains a challenge given the high variability between human evaluators, partly due to subjective expectations for translation quality for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Daniel Licht , Cynthia Gao , Janice Lam , Francisco Guzman , Mona Diab , Philipp Koehn

Toxic language detection systems often falsely flag text that contains minority group mentions as toxic, as those groups are often the targets of online hate. Such over-reliance on spurious correlations also causes systems to struggle with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Thomas Hartvigsen , Saadia Gabriel , Hamid Palangi , Maarten Sap , Dipankar Ray , Ece Kamar

Gender bias in machine translation (MT) is recognized as an issue that can harm people and society. And yet, advancements in the field rarely involve people, the final MT users, or inform how they might be impacted by biased technologies.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Beatrice Savoldi , Sara Papi , Matteo Negri , Ana Guerberof , Luisa Bentivogli

Human gender bias is reflected in language and text production. Because state-of-the-art machine translation (MT) systems are trained on large corpora of text, mostly generated by humans, gender bias can also be found in MT. For instance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Jonas-Dario Troles , Ute Schmid

Large language models (LLMs) have shown incredible capabilities and transcended the natural language processing (NLP) community, with adoption throughout many services like healthcare, therapy, education, and customer service. Since users…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Ameet Deshpande , Vishvak Murahari , Tanmay Rajpurohit , Ashwin Kalyan , Karthik Narasimhan

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly proposed for crisis preparedness and response, particularly for multilingual communication. However, their suitability for high-stakes crisis contexts remains insufficiently evaluated. This work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Belu Ticona , Antonis Anastasopoulos

Collecting high-quality translations is crucial for the development and evaluation of machine translation systems. However, traditional human-only approaches are costly and slow. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of 11…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Zhongtao Liu , Parker Riley , Daniel Deutsch , Alison Lui , Mengmeng Niu , Apu Shah , Markus Freitag

Text toxicity detection systems exhibit significant biases, producing disproportionate rates of false positives on samples mentioning demographic groups. But what about toxicity detection in speech? To investigate the extent to which…

The widespread of generative artificial intelligence has heightened concerns about the potential harms posed by AI-generated texts, primarily stemming from factoid, unfair, and toxic content. Previous researchers have invested much effort…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Shiyao Cui , Zhenyu Zhang , Yilong Chen , Wenyuan Zhang , Tianyun Liu , Siqi Wang , Tingwen Liu

Neural machine translation (NMT) systems amplify lexical biases present in their training data, leading to artificially impoverished language in output translations. These language-level characteristics render automatic translations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Huiyuan Lai , Esther Ploeger , Rik van Noord , Antonio Toral

Translations systematically diverge from texts originally produced in the target language, a phenomenon widely referred to as translationese. Translationese has been attributed to production tendencies (e.g. interference, simplification),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Maria Kunilovskaya

Gender-inclusive machine translation (MT) should preserve gender ambiguity in the source to avoid misgendering and representational harms. While gender ambiguity often occurs naturally in notional gender languages such as English,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Hillary Dawkins , Isar Nejadgholi , Chi-kiu Lo

Modern machine translation (MT) systems depend on large parallel corpora, often collected from the Internet. However, recent evidence indicates that (i) a substantial portion of these texts are machine-generated translations, and (ii) an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Cristian García-Romero , Miquel Esplà-Gomis , Felipe Sánchez-Martínez

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved top results in recent machine translation evaluations, but they are also known to be sensitive to errors and perturbations in their prompts. We systematically evaluate how both humanly plausible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Patrícia Schmidtová , Niyati Bafna , Seth Aycock , Gianluca Vico , Wiktor Kamzela , Katharina Hämmerl , Vilém Zouhar

Studies have shown that toxic behavior can cause contributors to leave, and hinder newcomers' (especially from underrepresented communities) participation in Open Source Software (OSS) projects. Thus, detection of toxic language plays a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Ramtin Ehsani , Rezvaneh Rezapour , Preetha Chatterjee

The rise of social networks has not only facilitated communication but also allowed the spread of harmful content. Although significant advances have been made in detecting toxic language in textual data, the exploration of concept-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Samarth Garg , Divya Singh , Deeksha Varshney , Mamta

Recent research has highlighted that assigning specific personas to large language models (LLMs) can significantly increase harmful content generation. However, limited attention has been given to persona-driven toxicity in non-Western…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Geng Liu , Li Feng , Carlo Alberto Bono , Songbo Yang , Mengxiao Zhu , Francesco Pierri

Machine-translated benchmarks are widely used to assess the multilingual capabilities of large language models (LLMs), yet translation errors in these benchmarks remain underexplored, raising concerns about the reliability and comparability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Klaudia-Doris Thellmann , Bernhard Stadler , Michael Färber , Jens Lehmann

Automatic speech translation is sensitive to speech recognition errors, but in a multilingual scenario, the same content may be available in various languages via simultaneous interpreting, dubbing or subtitling. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Dominik Macháček , Peter Polák , Ondřej Bojar , Raj Dabre