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Related papers: To Softmax, or not to Softmax: that is the questio…

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Active learning (AL) aims to enable training high performance classifiers with low annotation cost by predicting which subset of unlabelled instances would be most beneficial to label. The importance of AL has motivated extensive research,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-14 Kunkun Pang , Mingzhi Dong , Yang Wu , Timothy Hospedales

In supervised machine learning, models are typically trained using data with hard labels, i.e., definite assignments of class membership. This traditional approach, however, does not take the inherent uncertainty in these labels into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Sjoerd de Vries , Dirk Thierens

Active learning (AL) combines data labeling and model training to minimize the labeling cost by prioritizing the selection of high value data that can best improve model performance. In pool-based active learning, accessible unlabeled data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Mingfei Gao , Zizhao Zhang , Guo Yu , Sercan O. Arik , Larry S. Davis , Tomas Pfister

The softmax function is a widely used activation function in the output layers of neural networks, responsible for converting raw scores into class probabilities while introducing essential non-linearity. Implementing Softmax efficiently…

The softmax layer in neural machine translation is designed to model the distribution over mutually exclusive tokens. Machine translation, however, is intrinsically uncertain: the same source sentence can have multiple semantically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Felix Stahlberg , Shankar Kumar

While deep learning (DL) is data-hungry and usually relies on extensive labeled data to deliver good performance, Active Learning (AL) reduces labeling costs by selecting a small proportion of samples from unlabeled data for labeling and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Xueying Zhan , Qingzhong Wang , Kuan-hao Huang , Haoyi Xiong , Dejing Dou , Antoni B. Chan

In real-world data labeling applications, annotators often provide imperfect labels. It is thus common to employ multiple annotators to label data with some overlap between their examples. We study active learning in such settings, aiming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Hui Wen Goh , Jonas Mueller

Given a labeled training set and a collection of unlabeled data, the goal of active learning (AL) is to identify the best unlabeled points to label. In this comprehensive study, we analyze the performance of a variety of AL algorithms on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Dara Bahri , Heinrich Jiang , Tal Schuster , Afshin Rostamizadeh

Normalization is a vital process for any machine learning task as it controls the properties of data and affects model performance at large. The impact of particular forms of normalization, however, has so far been investigated in limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Chintan Trivedi , Konstantinos Makantasis , Antonios Liapis , Georgios N. Yannakakis

Active learning (AL) is a machine learning algorithm that can achieve greater accuracy with fewer labeled training instances, for having the ability to ask oracles to label the most valuable unlabeled data chosen iteratively and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-30 Ruoyu Wang

Annotating data is a time-consuming and costly task, but it is inherently required for supervised machine learning. Active Learning (AL) is an established method that minimizes human labeling effort by iteratively selecting the most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Julius Gonsior , Tim Rieß , Anja Reusch , Claudio Hartmann , Maik Thiele , Wolfgang Lehner

Most of the existing learning models, particularly deep neural networks, are reliant on large datasets whose hand-labeling is expensive and time demanding. A current trend is to make the learning of these models frugal and less dependent on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-12 Sebastien Deschamps , Hichem Sahbi

Data-driven soft sensors are extensively used in industrial and chemical processes to predict hard-to-measure process variables whose real value is difficult to track during routine operations. The regression models used by these sensors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Davide Cacciarelli , Murat Kulahci , John Tyssedal

While deep learning is a powerful tool for natural language processing (NLP) problems, successful solutions to these problems rely heavily on large amounts of annotated samples. However, manually annotating data is expensive and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Rishi Hazra , Parag Dutta , Shubham Gupta , Mohammed Abdul Qaathir , Ambedkar Dukkipati

Despite the vast body of literature on Active Learning (AL), there is no comprehensive and open benchmark allowing for efficient and simple comparison of proposed samplers. Additionally, the variability in experimental settings across the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 W. Jonas , A. Abraham , L. Dreyfus-Schmidt

Active Learning (AL) has emerged as a powerful approach for minimizing labeling costs by selectively sampling the most informative data for neural network model development. Effective AL for large-scale vision-language models necessitates…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Athmanarayanan Lakshmi Narayanan , Amrutha Machireddy , Ranganath Krishnan

Human annotation cost and time remain significant bottlenecks in Natural Language Processing (NLP), with test data annotation being particularly expensive due to the stringent requirement for low-error and high-quality labels necessary for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Antonio Purificato , Maria Sofia Bucarelli , Andrea Bacciu , Amin Mantrach , Fabrizio Silvestri

In this paper, we address the limitations of the common data annotation and training methods for objective single-label classification tasks. Typically, when annotating such tasks annotators are only asked to provide a single label for each…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Ben Wu , Yue Li , Yida Mu , Carolina Scarton , Kalina Bontcheva , Xingyi Song

While deep learning is a powerful tool for natural language processing (NLP) problems, successful solutions to these problems rely heavily on large amounts of annotated samples. However, manually annotating data is expensive and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Rishi Hazra , Parag Dutta , Shubham Gupta , Mohammed Abdul Qaathir , Ambedkar Dukkipati

Active learning (AL) seeks to reduce annotation costs by selecting the most informative samples for labeling, making it particularly valuable in resource-constrained settings. However, traditional evaluation methods, which focus solely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Julia Machnio , Mads Nielsen , Mostafa Mehdipour Ghazi