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Precision medicine promises to transform health care by offering individualised treatments that dramatically improve clinical outcomes. A necessary prerequisite is to identify subgroups of patients who respond differently to different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Adam Marcus , Paul Agapow

The development of targeted therapies, which benefit only a subgroup of patients treated for a given type of cancer, has been extremely attractive to many investigators. Adaptive seamless phase II/III designs in oncology clinical trials…

Applications · Statistics 2016-03-08 Ryuji Uozumi , Chikuma Hamada

Phase Ib/II oncology trials, despite their small sample sizes, aim to provide information for optimal internal company decision-making concerning novel drug development. Hybrid controls (a combination of the current control arm and controls…

It is crucial to design Phase II cancer clinical trials that balance the efficiency of treatment selection with clinical practicality. Sargent and Goldberg proposed a frequentist design that allow decision-making even when the primary…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-15 Moka Komaki , Satoru Shinoda , Haiyan Zheng , Kouji Yamamoto

Dose-finding trials for oncology studies are traditionally designed to assess safety in the early stages of drug development. With the rise of molecularly targeted therapies and immuno-oncology compounds, biomarker-driven approaches have…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-15 Xijin Chen , Pavel Mozgunov , Richard D. Baird , Thomas Jaki

Clinical trials are an instrument for making informed decisions based on evidence from well-designed experiments. Here we consider adaptive designs mainly from the perspective of multi-arm Phase II clinical trials, in which one or more…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-31 Elja Arjas , Dario Gasbarra

The treatment assignment mechanism in a randomized clinical trial can be optimized for statistical efficiency within a specified class of randomization mechanisms. Optimal designs of this type have been characterized in terms of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-03 Wei Zhang , Zhiwei Zhang , Aiyi Liu

Due to ethical and economical reasons, sequential single-arm trial designs are used for assessing the therapeutic efficacy of new treatments in phase II trials. Simon's 2-stage design and Lan-DeMets' $\alpha$-spending function method with…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-31 Tasuku Inao , Isao Yokota

First-line antiproliferatives for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have a relatively high failure rate due to high intrinsic resistance rates and acquired resistance rates to therapy. 57% patients are diagnosed in late-stage disease due…

Cell Behavior · Quantitative Biology 2024-01-17 Benjamin Schneider , Sébastien Benzekry , Jonathan Mochel

Bayesian response adaptive clinical trials are currently evaluating experimental therapies for several diseases. Adaptive decisions, such as pre-planned variations of the randomization probabilities, attempt to accelerate the development of…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-25 Marta Bonsaglio , Sandra Fortini , Steffen Ventz , Lorenzo Trippa

In oncology, phase II studies are crucial for clinical development plans as such studies identify potent agents with sufficient activity to continue development in the subsequent phase III trials. Traditionally, phase II studies are…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-08 Takuya Yoshimoto , Satoru Shinoda , Kouji Yamamoto , Kouji Tahata

Traditional phase I dose finding cancer clinical trial designs aim to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the investigational cytotoxic agent based on a single toxicity outcome, assuming a monotone dose-response relationship.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-14 Hao Sun , Hsin-Yu Lin , Jieqi Tu , Revathi Ananthakrishnan , Eunhee Kim

Most Bayesian response-adaptive designs unbalance randomization rates towards the most promising arms with the goal of increasing the number of positive treatment outcomes during the study, even though the primary aim of the trial is…

Applications · Statistics 2018-07-02 Steffen Ventz , Matteo Cellamare , Sergio Bacallado , Lorenzo Trippa

The e-value is gaining traction as a robust alternative to p-values and Bayes factors for quantifying statistical evidence. e-values are a promising method for adaptive clinical trials due to their anytime-validity: e-values ensure type I…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-28 Stef Baas , Judith ter Schure , Joost van Rosmalen

Aims: Combinations of treatments can offer additional benefit over the treatments individually. However, trials of these combinations are lower priority than the development of novel therapies, which can restrict funding, timelines and…

Adoptive Cell Transfer therapy of cancer is currently in full development and mathematical modeling is playing a critical role in this area. We study a stochastic model developed by Baar et al. in 2015 for modeling immunotherapy against…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-03-09 Modibo Diabate , Loren Coquille , Adeline Samson

The majority of response-adaptive randomisation (RAR) designs in the literature rely on efficacy data to guide dynamic patient allocation. However, their applicability becomes limited in settings where efficacy outcomes, such as survival,…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-23 Maria Vittoria Chiaruttini , Lukas Pin , Sofia S. Villar

Response adaptive randomization (RAR) is appealing from methodological, ethical, and pragmatic perspectives in the sense that subjects are more likely to be randomized to better performing treatment groups based on accumulating data.…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-03 Tianyu Zhan , Lu Cui , Ziqian Geng , Lanju Zhang , Yihua Gu , Ivan S. F. Chan

Monoclonal antibodies constitute one of the most important strategies to treat patients suffering from cancers such as hematological malignancies and solid tumors. In order to guarantee the quality of those preparations prepared at…

PURPOSE Providing rapid answers and early acces to patients to innovative treatments without randomized clinical trial (RCT) is growing, with benefit estimated from single-arm trials. This has become common in oncology, impacting the…