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Currently, contextualized word representations are learned by intricate neural network models, such as masked neural language models (MNLMs). The new representations significantly enhanced the performance in automated question answering by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Sunjae Kwon , Cheongwoong Kang , Jiyeon Han , Jaesik Choi

Probing and enhancing large language models' reasoning capacity remains a crucial open question. Here we re-purpose the reverse dictionary task as a case study to probe LLMs' capacity for conceptual inference. We use in-context learning to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Ningyu Xu , Qi Zhang , Menghan Zhang , Peng Qian , Xuanjing Huang

We propose a benchmark to assess the capability of large language models to reason with conventional metaphors. Our benchmark combines the previously isolated topics of metaphor detection and commonsense reasoning into a single task that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Iulia-Maria Comsa , Julian Martin Eisenschlos , Srini Narayanan

Language models achieve impressive performance on a variety of knowledge, language, and reasoning tasks due to the scale and diversity of pretraining data available. The standard training recipe is a two-stage paradigm: pretraining first on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Skyler Seto , Pierre Ablin , Anastasiia Filippova , Jiayuan Ye , Louis Bethune , Angelos Katharopoulos , David Grangier

Large, pre-trained representation models trained using self-supervised learning have gained popularity in various fields of machine learning because they are able to extract high-quality salient features from input data. As such, they have…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-16 Hejung Yang , Hong-Goo Kang

Human bilinguals often use similar brain regions to process multiple languages, depending on when they learned their second language and their proficiency. In large language models (LLMs), how are multiple languages learned and encoded? In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Jannik Brinkmann , Chris Wendler , Christian Bartelt , Aaron Mueller

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) have been prevailing in state-of-the-art methods for natural language processing, and knowledge-enhanced PLMs are further proposed to promote model performance in knowledge-intensive tasks. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Xintao Wang , Zhouhong Gu , Jiaqing Liang , Dakuan Lu , Yanghua Xiao , Wei Wang

The non-humanlike behaviour of contemporary pre-trained language models (PLMs) is a leading cause undermining their trustworthiness. A striking phenomenon of such faulty behaviours is the generation of inconsistent predictions, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Myeongjun Erik Jang , Thomas Lukasiewicz

Despite being able to capture a range of features of the data, high accuracy models trained with supervision tend to make similar predictions. This seemingly implies that high-performing models share similar biases regardless of training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Raphael Gontijo-Lopes , Yann Dauphin , Ekin D. Cubuk

We describe a data-driven approach for automatically explaining new, non-standard English expressions in a given sentence, building on a large dataset that includes 15 years of crowdsourced examples from UrbanDictionary.com. Unlike prior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-28 Ke Ni , William Yang Wang

Temporal commonsense reasoning refers to the ability to understand the typical temporal context of phrases, actions, and events, and use it to reason over problems requiring such knowledge. This trait is essential in temporal natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Georg Wenzel , Adam Jatowt

The state of the art on many NLP tasks is currently achieved by large pre-trained language models, which require a considerable amount of computation. We explore a setting where many different predictions are made on a single piece of text.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Jingfei Du , Myle Ott , Haoran Li , Xing Zhou , Veselin Stoyanov

Existing interpretation algorithms have found that, even deep models make the same and right predictions on the same image, they might rely on different sets of input features for classification. However, among these sets of features, some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Xuhong Li , Haoyi Xiong , Siyu Huang , Shilei Ji , Dejing Dou

This work explores whether language models encode meaningfully grounded representations of sounds of objects. We learn a linear probe that retrieves the correct text representation of an object given a snippet of audio related to that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Jerry Ngo , Yoon Kim

Consistency, which refers to the capability of generating the same predictions for semantically similar contexts, is a highly desirable property for a sound language understanding model. Although recent pretrained language models (PLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Myeongjun Jang , Deuk Sin Kwon , Thomas Lukasiewicz

Human languages are full of metaphorical expressions. Metaphors help people understand the world by connecting new concepts and domains to more familiar ones. Large pre-trained language models (PLMs) are therefore assumed to encode…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Ehsan Aghazadeh , Mohsen Fayyaz , Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh

We introduce a dataset of concept learning tasks that helps uncover implicit biases in large language models. Using in-context concept learning experiments, we found that language models may have a bias toward upward monotonicity in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Leroy Z. Wang

The field of natural language understanding has experienced exponential progress in the last few years, with impressive results in several tasks. This success has motivated researchers to study the underlying knowledge encoded by these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Carlos Aspillaga , Marcelo Mendoza , Alvaro Soto

Neural language models typically tokenise input text into sub-word units to achieve an open vocabulary. The standard approach is to use a single canonical tokenisation at both train and test time. We suggest that this approach is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Kris Cao , Laura Rimell

Modern language models can imitate complex patterns through few-shot learning, enabling them to complete challenging tasks without fine-tuning. However, imitation can also lead models to reproduce inaccuracies or harmful content if present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Danny Halawi , Jean-Stanislas Denain , Jacob Steinhardt