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A new approach called ABRF (the attention-based random forest) and its modifications for applying the attention mechanism to the random forest (RF) for regression and classification are proposed. The main idea behind the proposed ABRF…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Lev V. Utkin , Andrei V. Konstantinov

New models of random forests jointly using the attention and self-attention mechanisms are proposed for solving the regression problem. The models can be regarded as extensions of the attention-based random forest whose idea stems from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Lev V. Utkin , Andrei V. Konstantinov

A new approach called NAF (the Neural Attention Forest) for solving regression and classification tasks under tabular training data is proposed. The main idea behind the proposed NAF model is to introduce the attention mechanism into the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Andrei V. Konstantinov , Lev V. Utkin , Alexey A. Lukashin , Vladimir A. Muliukha

Anomaly detectors are often used to produce a ranked list of statistical anomalies, which are examined by human analysts in order to extract the actual anomalies of interest. Unfortunately, in realworld applications, this process can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-09-01 Shubhomoy Das , Weng-Keen Wong , Alan Fern , Thomas G. Dietterich , Md Amran Siddiqui

Anomaly detection is concerned with identifying examples in a dataset that do not conform to the expected behaviour. While a vast amount of anomaly detection algorithms exist, little attention has been paid to explaining why these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Nirmal Sobha Kartha , Clément Gautrais , Vincent Vercruyssen

The detection of anomalous behaviours is an emerging need in many applications, particularly in contexts where security and reliability are critical aspects. While the definition of anomaly strictly depends on the domain framework, it is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Elisa Marcelli , Tommaso Barbariol , Gian Antonio Susto

Isolation forest (iForest) has been emerging as arguably the most popular anomaly detector in recent years due to its general effectiveness across different benchmarks and strong scalability. Nevertheless, its linear axis-parallel isolation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Hongzuo Xu , Guansong Pang , Yijie Wang , Yongjun Wang

Isolation Forest (iForest) is an unsupervised anomaly detection algorithm designed to effectively detect anomalies under the assumption that anomalies are ``few and different." Various studies have aimed to enhance iForest, but the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Hun Kang , Kyoungok Kim

We present an extension to the model-free anomaly detection algorithm, Isolation Forest. This extension, named Extended Isolation Forest (EIF), resolves issues with assignment of anomaly score to given data points. We motivate the problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-09 Sahand Hariri , Matias Carrasco Kind , Robert J. Brunner

Unsupervised anomaly detection tackles the problem of finding anomalies inside datasets without the labels availability; since data tagging is typically hard or expensive to obtain, such approaches have seen huge applicability in recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Tommaso Barbariol , Gian Antonio Susto

Anomaly Detection is an unsupervised learning task aimed at detecting anomalous behaviours with respect to historical data. In particular, multivariate Anomaly Detection has an important role in many applications thanks to the capability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Mattia Carletti , Matteo Terzi , Gian Antonio Susto

Cybersecurity has recently gained considerable interest in today's security issues because of the popularity of the Internet-of-Things (IoT), the considerable growth of mobile networks, and many related apps. Therefore, detecting numerous…

Anomaly Detection (AD) is evolving through algorithms capable of identifying outliers in complex datasets. The Isolation Forest (IF), a pivotal AD technique, exhibits adaptability limitations and biases. This paper introduces the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Alessio Arcudi , Alessandro Ferreri , Francesco Borsatti , Gian Antonio Susto

Isolation Forest (iForest) stands out as a widely-used unsupervised anomaly detector, primarily owing to its remarkable runtime efficiency and superior performance in large-scale tasks. Despite its widespread adoption, a theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Qin-Cheng Zheng , Shao-Qun Zhang , Shen-Huan Lyu , Yuan Jiang , Zhi-Hua Zhou

As cyber threats continue to evolve in sophistication and scale, the ability to detect anomalous network behavior has become critical for maintaining robust cybersecurity defenses. Modern cybersecurity systems face the overwhelming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Christie Djidjev

Isolation forest or "iForest" is an intuitive and widely used algorithm for anomaly detection that follows a simple yet effective idea: in a given data distribution, if a threshold (split point) is selected uniformly at random within the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-07 David Cortes

We address the problem of detecting anomalies as samples that do not conform to structured patterns represented by low-dimensional manifolds. To this end, we conceive a general anomaly detection framework called Preference Isolation Forest…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Filippo Leveni , Luca Magri , Cesare Alippi , Giacomo Boracchi

A new attention-based model for the gradient boosting machine (GBM) called AGBoost (the attention-based gradient boosting) is proposed for solving regression problems. The main idea behind the proposed AGBoost model is to assign attention…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Andrei Konstantinov , Lev Utkin , Stanislav Kirpichenko

From the identification of a drawback in the Isolation Forest (IF) algorithm that limits its use in the scope of anomaly detection, we propose two extensions that allow to firstly overcome the previously mention limitation and secondly to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Pierre-François Marteau , Saeid Soheily-Khah , Nicolas Béchet

Compared to theoretical frameworks that assume equal sensitivity to deviations in all features of data, the theory of anomaly detection allowing for variable sensitivity across features is less developed. To the best of our knowledge, this…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-11 Illia Donhauzer
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