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Learning arguably involves the discovery and memorization of abstract rules. The aim of this paper is to study associative memory mechanisms. Our model is based on high-dimensional matrices consisting of outer products of embeddings, which…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-22 Vivien Cabannes , Elvis Dohmatob , Alberto Bietti

Modern large language models (LLMs) excel at tasks that require storing and retrieving knowledge, such as factual recall and question answering. Transformers are central to this capability because they can encode information during training…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-18 Nuri Mert Vural , Alberto Bietti , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi , Denny Wu

There is a consensus that human and non-human subjects experience temporal distortions in many stages of their perceptual and decision-making systems. Similarly, intertemporal choice research has shown that decision-makers undervalue future…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-05-31 Pedro A. Ortega , Naftali Tishby

Training data memorization in NLP can both be beneficial (e.g., closed-book QA) and undesirable (personal data extraction). In any case, successful model training requires a non-trivial amount of memorization to store word spellings,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Eugene Kharitonov , Marco Baroni , Dieuwke Hupkes

Pretraining on large, semantically rich datasets is key for developing language models. Surprisingly, recent studies have shown that even synthetic data, generated procedurally through simple semantic-free algorithms, can yield some of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Zachary Shinnick , Liangze Jiang , Hemanth Saratchandran , Anton van den Hengel , Damien Teney

Transformer encoder-decoder models have achieved great performance in dialogue generation tasks, however, their inability to process long dialogue history often leads to truncation of the context To address this problem, we propose a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Qingyang Wu , Zhou Yu

Associative learning--forming links between co-occurring items--is fundamental to human cognition, reshaping internal representations in complex ways. Testing hypotheses on how representational changes occur in biological systems is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Camila Kolling , Vy Ai Vo , Mariya Toneva

Recent research has explored methods for updating and modifying factual knowledge in large language models, often focusing on specific multi-layer perceptron blocks. This study expands on this work by examining the effectiveness of existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Daniel Tamayo , Aitor Gonzalez-Agirre , Javier Hernando , Marta Villegas

Machine reading comprehension is a heavily-studied research and test field for evaluating new pre-trained language models (PrLMs) and fine-tuning strategies, and recent studies have enriched the pre-trained language models with syntactic,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Baorong Huang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao

The statistical study of human memory requires large-scale experiments, involving many stimuli conditions and test subjects. While this approach has proven to be quite fruitful for meaningless material such as random lists of words,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Antonios Georgiou , Tankut Can , Mikhail Katkov , Misha Tsodyks

In order for large language models to achieve true conversational continuity and benefit from experiential learning, they need memory. While research has focused on the development of complex memory systems, it remains unclear which types…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Alessandra Terranova , Björn Ross , Alexandra Birch

Large language models have limited context capacity, hindering reasoning over long conversations. We propose the Hierarchical Aggregate Tree memory structure to recursively aggregate relevant dialogue context through conditional tree…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Aadharsh Aadhithya A , Sachin Kumar S , Soman K. P

Data augmentation is used extensively to improve model generalisation. However, reliance on external libraries to implement augmentation methods introduces a vulnerability into the machine learning pipeline. It is well known that backdoors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Joseph Rance , Yiren Zhao , Ilia Shumailov , Robert Mullins

Models based on the Transformer neural network architecture have seen success on a wide variety of tasks that appear to require complex "cognitive branching" -- or the ability to maintain pursuit of one goal while accomplishing others. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Aaron Traylor , Jack Merullo , Michael J. Frank , Ellie Pavlick

Memory retention challenges in deep neural architectures have ongoing limitations in the ability to process and recall extended contextual information. Token dependencies degrade as sequence length increases, leading to a decline in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Frederick Dillon , Gregor Halvorsen , Simon Tattershall , Magnus Rowntree , Gareth Vanderpool

We describe a new class of learning models called memory networks. Memory networks reason with inference components combined with a long-term memory component; they learn how to use these jointly. The long-term memory can be read and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-12-01 Jason Weston , Sumit Chopra , Antoine Bordes

Reasoning is a core capability of large language models, yet how multi-step reasoning is learned and executed remains unclear. We study this question in a controlled cellular-automata (1dCA) framework that excludes memorisation by using…

Many advances in Natural Language Processing have been based upon more expressive models for how inputs interact with the context in which they occur. Recurrent networks, which have enjoyed a modicum of success, still lack the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-30 Gábor Melis , Tomáš Kočiský , Phil Blunsom

Most approaches to long-context processing increase the complexity of the transformer's internal architecture by integrating mechanisms such as recurrence or auxiliary memory modules. In this work, we introduce an alternative approach that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Billy Dickson , Zoran Tiganj

Supervised fine-tuning enhances the problem-solving abilities of language models across various mathematical reasoning tasks. To maximize such benefits, existing research focuses on broadening the training set with various data augmentation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Zhihan Zhang , Tao Ge , Zhenwen Liang , Wenhao Yu , Dian Yu , Mengzhao Jia , Dong Yu , Meng Jiang