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The two-state vector formalism (TSVF), the time-symmetric description of the standard quantum mechanics originated by Aharonov, Bergmann and Lebowitz is reviewed. The TSVF describes a quantum system at a particular time by two quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-06-12 Lev Vaidman

In this paper we present the two-state vector formalism of quantum mechanics. It is a time-symmetrized approach to standard quantum theory particularly helpful for the analysis of experiments performed on pre- and post-selected ensembles.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-06-10 Yakir Aharonov , Lev Vaidman

Quantum tomography is a cornerstone of quantum information science, enabling the reconstruction of states and channels from experimental data. Here we introduce a new paradigm, temporal state tomography (TST), for reconstructing quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Zhian Jia

Establishing a notion of the quantum state that applies consistently across space and time could be a crucial step toward formulating a relativistic quantum theory. We give an operational meaning to multipartite quantum states over…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Seok Hyung Lie , Hyukjoon Kwon

A novel prediction is derived by the Two-State-Vector-Formalism (TSVF) for a particle superposed over three boxes. Under appropriate pre- and postselections, and with tunneling enabled between two of the boxes, it is possible to derive not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-05 Yakir Aharonov , Eliahu Cohen , Ariel Landau , Avshalom C. Elitzur

The basic concept of the two-state vector formalism, which is the time symmetric approach to quantum mechanics, is the backward evolving quantum state. However, due to the time asymmetry of the memory's arrow of time, the possible ways to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Lev Vaidman

While quantum reality can be probed through measurements, the Two-State-Vector formalism (TSVF) reveals a subtler reality prevailing between measurements. Under special pre- and post-selections, odd physical values emerge. This unusual…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-13 Yakir Aharonov , Eliahu Cohen , Mordecai Waegell , Avshalom C. Elitzur

The notion of collapse is discussed and refined within the Two-State-Vector Formalism (TSVF). We show how a definite result of a measurement can be fully determined when considering specific forward and backward-evolving quantum states.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-23 Yakir Aharonov , Eliahu Cohen , Eyal Gruss , Tomer Landsberger

We present a general formalism for charecterizing 2-time quantum states, describing pre- and post-selected quantum systems. The most general 2-time state is characterized by a `density vector' that is independent of measurements performed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-01-30 Ralph Silva , Yelena Guryanova , Nicolas Brunner , Noah Linden , Anthony J. Short , Sandu Popescu

The Two-State-Vector formalism and the Entangled Histories formalism are attempts to better understand quantum correlations in time. The main objective of this paper is to show that, with appropriately defined scalar products, both…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-12 Marcin Nowakowski , Eliahu Cohen , Pawel Horodecki

We consider the relation between three different approaches to defining quantum states across several times and locations: the pseudo-density matrix (PDM), the process matrix, and the multiple-time state approaches. Previous studies have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-14 Xiangjing Liu , Zhian Jia , Yixian Qiu , Fei Li , Oscar Dahlsten

Understanding quantum systems is of significant importance for assessing the performance of quantum hardware and software, as well as exploring quantum control and quantum sensing. An efficient representation of quantum states enables…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-10 Yuchen Guo , Shuo Yang

We propose an exercise in which one attempts to deduce the formalism of quantum mechanics solely from phenomenological observations. The only assumed inputs are obtained through sequential probing of quantum systems; no presuppositions…

Optical quantum states defined in temporal modes, especially non-Gaussian states like photon-number states, play an important role in quantum computing schemes. In general, the temporal-mode structures of these states are characterized by…

The questions we raise in this letter are as follows: What is the most general representation of a quantum state at a single point in time? Can we adapt the current formalisms to situations where the order of quantum operations is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-21 Onur Pusuluk , Zafer Gedik , Vlatko Vedral

We present a method for measuring quantum states encoded in the temporal modes of photons. The basis for the multilevel quantum states is defined by the use of modes propagating in a dispersive medium, which is a fiber in this case. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-26 Karolina Sedziak-Kacprowicz , Artur Czerwinski , Piotr Kolenderski

This study proposes a time-symmetric framework for quantum measurement that restores microscopic reversibility at the level of the dynamical description while remaining compatible with causality and thermodynamic consistency. Instead of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Shin-ichi Inage

The two state vector formalism (TSVF) was proposed by Aharonov, Bergmann, and Lebowitz (ABL) to provide a way for the counterfactual assignment of the probabilities of outcomes of contemplated but unperformed measurements on quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-18 Jaskaran Singh , Rajendra Singh Bhati , Arvind

We propose a new quantum state reconstruction method that combines ideas from compressed sensing, non-convex optimization, and acceleration methods. The algorithm, called Momentum-Inspired Factored Gradient Descent (\texttt{MiFGD}), extends…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-24 Junhyung Lyle Kim , George Kollias , Amir Kalev , Ken X. Wei , Anastasios Kyrillidis

Quantum measurement is a fundamental yet experimentally challenging ingredient of quantum information processing. Many recent studies on quantum dynamics focus on expectation values of nonlinear observables; however, their experimental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-02 Hong-Yi Wang
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