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Recently, computer scientists have developed large language models (LLMs) by training prediction models with large-scale language corpora and human reinforcements. The LLMs have become one promising way to implement artificial intelligence…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Hyemin Han

The rapid rise in popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) with emerging capabilities has spurred public curiosity to evaluate and compare different LLMs, leading many researchers to propose their own LLM benchmarks. Noticing preliminary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Timothy R. McIntosh , Teo Susnjak , Nalin Arachchilage , Tong Liu , Paul Watters , Malka N. Halgamuge

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes settings, their ability to refuse ethically sensitive prompts-such as those involving hate speech or illegal activities-has become central to content moderation and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Stefan Pasch

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) in mental health and other sensitive domains raises urgent questions about ethical reasoning, fairness, and responsible alignment. Yet, existing benchmarks for moral and clinical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Sai Kartheek Reddy Kasu

Human commonsense understanding of the physical and social world is organized around intuitive theories. These theories support making causal and moral judgments. When something bad happens, we naturally ask: who did what, and why? A rich…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Allen Nie , Yuhui Zhang , Atharva Amdekar , Chris Piech , Tatsunori Hashimoto , Tobias Gerstenberg

This survey paper outlines the key developments in the field of Large Language Models (LLMs), including enhancements to their reasoning skills, adaptability to various tasks, increased computational efficiency, and the ability to make…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Asifullah Khan , Muhammad Zaeem Khan , Aleesha Zainab , Saleha Jamshed , Sadia Ahmad , Kaynat Khatib , Faria Bibi , Abdul Rehman

Pluralism alignment with AI has the sophisticated and necessary goal of creating AI that can coexist with and serve morally multifaceted humanity. Research towards pluralism alignment has many efforts in enhancing the learning of large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ying Su , Mingen Zheng , Weili Diao , Haoran Li

The rapid progress in Large Language Models (LLMs) could transform many fields, but their fast development creates significant challenges for oversight, ethical creation, and building user trust. This comprehensive review looks at key trust…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Md Meftahul Ferdaus , Mahdi Abdelguerfi , Elias Ioup , Kendall N. Niles , Ken Pathak , Steven Sloan

Drawing from the resources of psychoanalysis and critical media studies, in this paper we develop an analysis of Large Language Models (LLMs) as automated subjects. We argue the intentional fictional projection of subjectivity onto LLMs can…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Liam Magee , Vanicka Arora , Luke Munn

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated their capabilities across various tasks, from language translation to complex reasoning. Understanding and predicting human behavior and biases are crucial for artificial intelligence (AI)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Thuy Ngoc Nguyen , Kasturi Jamale , Cleotilde Gonzalez

Assessments of algorithmic bias in large language models (LLMs) are generally catered to uncovering systemic discrimination based on protected characteristics such as sex and ethnicity. However, there are over 180 documented cognitive…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Alaina N. Talboy , Elizabeth Fuller

The reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs) are the topic of a growing body of research in AI and cognitive science. In this paper, we probe the extent to which twenty-nine LLMs are able to distinguish logically correct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Wesley H. Holliday , Matthew Mandelkern , Cedegao E. Zhang

The launch of ChatGPT by OpenAI in November 2022 marked a pivotal moment for Artificial Intelligence, introducing Large Language Models (LLMs) to the mainstream and setting new records in user adoption. LLMs, particularly ChatGPT, trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Christian A. Schiller

Large language models (LLMs), such as LLaMA, Alpaca, Vicuna, GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, have advanced the performance of AI systems on various natural language processing tasks to human-like levels. However, their generalisation and robustness when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Qiming Bao , Gael Gendron , Alex Yuxuan Peng , Wanjun Zhong , Neset Tan , Yang Chen , Michael Witbrock , Jiamou Liu

This paper explores the integration of human-like emotions and ethical considerations into Large Language Models (LLMs). We first model eight fundamental human emotions, presented as opposing pairs, and employ collaborative LLMs to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Edward Y. Chang

Thanks to rapid progress in artificial intelligence, we have entered an era when technology and philosophy intersect in interesting ways. Sitting squarely at the centre of this intersection are large language models (LLMs). The more adept…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Murray Shanahan

As AI systems become more integrated into daily life, the need for safer and more reliable moderation has never been greater. Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, surpassing earlier models in complexity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Naseem Machlovi , Maryam Saleki , Innocent Ababio , Ruhul Amin

Large language model (LLM)-based AI agents are increasingly capable of complex clinical reasoning and may soon participate in medical decision-making with limited or no real-time human oversight. This shift raises fundamental questions…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Tom Bisson , Henriette Voelker , Sanddhya Jayabalan , A John Iafrate , Jakob N Kather , Jochen K Lennerz

Large Language Models (LLMs) push the bound-aries in natural language processing and generative AI, driving progress across various aspects of modern society. Unfortunately, the pervasive issue of bias in LLMs responses (i.e., predictions)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Isabela Pereira Gregio , Ian Pons , Anna Helena Reali Costa , Artur Jordão

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in sensitive applications including psychological support, healthcare, and high-stakes decision-making. This expansion has motivated growing research into the ethical and moral…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Erica Coppolillo , Emilio Ferrara