Related papers: Directly tracing the vertical stratification of mo…
The Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) Large Program provides a unique opportunity to study the vertical distribution of gas, chemistry, and temperature in the protoplanetary disks around IM Lup, GM Aur, AS 209, HD 163296,…
Elias 2-27 is a young star that hosts an extended, bright and inclined disk of dust and gas. The inclination and extreme flaring of the disk make Elias 2-27 an ideal target to study the vertical distribution of molecules, particularly CN.…
High spatial resolution observations of CO isotopologue line emission in protoplanetary disks at mid-inclinations (${\approx}$30-75{\deg}) allow us to characterize the gas structure in detail, including radial and vertical substructures,…
High spatial resolution CO observations of mid-inclination (30-75{\deg}) protoplanetary disks offer an opportunity to study the vertical distribution of CO emission and temperature. The asymmetry of line emission relative to the disk major…
High-resolution observations of edge-on proto-planetary disks in emission from molecular species sampling different critical densities and formation pathways offer the opportunity to trace the vertical chemical and physical structures of…
Here we present high resolution (15-24 au) observations of CO isotopologue lines from the Molecules with ALMA on Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) ALMA Large Program. Our analysis employs $^{13}$CO and C$^{18}$O ($J$=2-1), (1-0), and C$^{17}$O…
In protoplanetary disks, atomic carbon is expected to originate from the PDR at the disk surface where CO is dissociated by UV photons coming from the stellar, or external interstellar, radiation field. Even though atomic carbon has been…
As the sample of mid-inclination disks with measured CO emission surfaces grows, a fundamental unanswered question is how these vertical profiles connect to their host properties. This project aims to relate the vertical extent of…
The precursors to larger, biologically-relevant molecules are detected throughout interstellar space, but determining the presence and properties of these molecules during planet formation requires observations of protoplanetary disks at…
Observations of CO isotopologue emission from protoplanetary disks at millimeter wavelengths are a powerful tool for probing the CO snowline, an important marker for disk chemistry, and also for estimating total disk gas mass, a key…
Molecular emission is used to investigate both the physical and chemical properties of protoplanetary disks. Therefore, to accurately derive disk properties, we need a thorough understanding of the behavior of the molecular probes we rely…
The availability of exquisite data and the development of new analysis techniques have enabled the study of emitting heights in proto-planetary disks. In this paper we introduce a simple model linking the emitting height of CO to the disk…
One of the methods for deriving disk masses relies on direct observations of the gas, whose bulk mass is in the outer cold ($T\lesssim30$K) regions. This zone can be well traced by rotational lines of less abundant CO isotopologues, that…
Analysis of the gaseous component in protoplanetary disks can inform us about their thermal and physical structure, chemical composition, and kinematic properties, all of which are crucial for understanding various processes within the…
Small organic molecules, such as C2H, HCN, and H2CO, are tracers of the C, N, and O budget in protoplanetary disks. We present high angular resolution (10-50 au) observations of C2H, HCN, and H2CO lines in five protoplanetary disks from the…
PDS 70 hosts two massive, still-accreting planets and the inclined orientation of its protoplanetary disk presents a unique opportunity to directly probe the vertical gas structure of a planet-hosting disk. Here, we use…
We predict how protoplanetary disks around low-mass young stars would appear in molecular lines observed with the ALMA interferometer. Our goal is to identify those molecules and transitions that can be used to probe and distinguish between…
The widespread rings and gaps seen in the dust continuum in protoplanetary disks are sometimes accompanied by similar substructures seen in molecular line emission. One example is the outer gap at 100 au in AS 209, which shows that the…
Context: Investigating the vertical distribution of molecular content in protoplanetary disks remains difficult in most disks mildly inclined along the line of sight. In contrast, edge-on disks provide a direct (tomographic) view of the 2D…
UV photochemistry in the surface layers of protoplanetary disks dramatically alters their composition relative to previous stages of star formation. The abundance ratio CN/HCN has long been proposed to trace the UV field in various…