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We uncover an ever-overlooked deficiency in the prevailing Few-Shot Learning (FSL) methods: the pre-trained knowledge is indeed a confounder that limits the performance. This finding is rooted from our causal assumption: a Structural Causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Zhongqi Yue , Hanwang Zhang , Qianru Sun , Xian-Sheng Hua

Class-incremental learning (CIL) for endoscopic image analysis is crucial for real-world clinical applications, where diagnostic models should continuously adapt to evolving clinical data while retaining performance on previously learned…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Bingrong Liu , Jun Shi , Yushan Zheng

Few-shot classification aims to learn a classifier to recognize unseen classes during training, where the learned model can easily become over-fitted based on the biased distribution formed by only a few training examples. A recent solution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Dandan Guo , Long Tian , He Zhao , Mingyuan Zhou , Hongyuan Zha

Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning presents an extension of the Class Incremental Learning problem where a model is faced with the problem of data scarcity while addressing the catastrophic forgetting problem. This problem remains an open…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-13 Naeem Paeedeh , Mahardhika Pratama , Sunu Wibirama , Wolfgang Mayer , Zehong Cao , Ryszard Kowalczyk

In-Context Learning (ICL) allows Large Language Models (LLMs) to adapt to new tasks with just a few examples, but their predictions often suffer from systematic biases, leading to unstable performance in classification. While calibration…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-05 Korel Gundem , Juncheng Dong , Dennis Zhang , Vahid Tarokh , Zhengling Qi

We consider class incremental learning (CIL) problem, in which a learning agent continuously learns new classes from incrementally arriving training data batches and aims to predict well on all the classes learned so far. The main challenge…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Hongjoon Ahn , Jihwan Kwak , Subin Lim , Hyeonsu Bang , Hyojun Kim , Taesup Moon

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training among participants while guaranteeing the privacy of raw data. Mainstream FL methodologies overlook the dynamic nature of real-world data, particularly its tendency to grow in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Zhiyuan Wu , Tianliu He , Sheng Sun , Yuwei Wang , Min Liu , Bo Gao , Xuefeng Jiang

This study focuses on incremental learning for image classification, exploring how to reduce catastrophic forgetting of all learned knowledge when access to old data is restricted. The challenge lies in balancing plasticity (learning new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Zhiping Zhou , Xuchen Xie , Yiqiao Qiu , Run Lin , Weishi Zheng , Ruixuan Wang

Few-shot class-incremental learning (FSCIL) aims to mitigate the catastrophic forgetting issue when a model is incrementally trained on limited data. However, many of these works lack effective exploration of prior knowledge, rendering them…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Wan Xu , Tianyu Huang , Tianyu Qu , Guanglei Yang , Yiwen Guo , Wangmeng Zuo

Real-world scenarios are usually accompanied by continuously appearing classes with scare labeled samples, which require the machine learning model to incrementally learn new classes and maintain the knowledge of base classes. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Qi-Wei Wang , Da-Wei Zhou , Yi-Kai Zhang , De-Chuan Zhan , Han-Jia Ye

Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning has shown remarkable efficacy in efficient learning new concepts with limited annotations. Nevertheless, the heuristic few-shot annotations may not always cover the most informative samples, which largely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Zitong Huang , Ze Chen , Yuanze Li , Bowen Dong , Erjin Zhou , Yong Liu , Rick Siow Mong Goh , Chun-Mei Feng , Wangmeng Zuo

The goal of Few-Shot Continual Learning (FSCL) is to incrementally learn novel tasks with limited labeled samples and preserve previous capabilities simultaneously, while current FSCL methods are all for the class-incremental purpose.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Yawen Cui , Zitong Yu , Rizhao Cai , Xun Wang , Alex C. Kot , Li Liu

Synthetic aperture radar automatic target recognition (SAR-ATR) systems have rapidly evolved to tackle incremental recognition challenges in operational settings. Data scarcity remains a major hurdle that conventional SAR-ATR techniques…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 George Karantaidis , Athanasios Pantsios , Ioannis Kompatsiaris , Symeon Papadopoulos

Continual learning (CL) learns a sequence of tasks incrementally. This paper studies the challenging CL setting of class-incremental learning (CIL). CIL has two key challenges: catastrophic forgetting (CF) and inter-task class separation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Saleh Momeni , Sahisnu Mazumder , Bing Liu

Few-shot class-incremental learning (FSCIL) aims to incrementally learn novel classes from limited examples while preserving knowledge of previously learned classes. Existing methods face a critical dilemma: static architectures rely on a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Xiaojie Li , Yibo Yang , Jianlong Wu , Yue Yu , Ming-Hsuan Yang , Liqiang Nie , Min Zhang

Class-incremental learning (CIL) is typically evaluated under predefined schedules with equal-sized tasks, leaving more realistic and complex cases unexplored. However, a practical CIL system should learns immediately when any number of new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Zhiming Xu , Baile Xu , Jian Zhao , Furao Shen , Suorong Yang

This paper studies class incremental learning (CIL) of continual learning (CL). Many approaches have been proposed to deal with catastrophic forgetting (CF) in CIL. Most methods incrementally construct a single classifier for all classes of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Gyuhak Kim , Zixuan Ke , Bing Liu

Few-shot class-incremental learning (FSCIL) is challenging due to extremely limited training data; while aiming to reduce catastrophic forgetting and learn new information. We propose Diffusion-FSCIL, a novel approach that employs a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Junsu Kim , Yunhoe Ku , Seungryul Baek

Due to the scarcity of sampling data in reality, few-shot object detection (FSOD) has drawn more and more attention because of its ability to quickly train new detection concepts with less data. However, there are still failure…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Zeyu Shangguan , Lian Huai , Tong Liu , Xingqun Jiang

The human visual system is remarkable in learning new visual concepts from just a few examples. This is precisely the goal behind few-shot class incremental learning (FSCIL), where the emphasis is additionally placed on ensuring the model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Ayan Kumar Bhunia , Viswanatha Reddy Gajjala , Subhadeep Koley , Rohit Kundu , Aneeshan Sain , Tao Xiang , Yi-Zhe Song