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Learning complex robot behaviors through interaction requires structured exploration. Planning should target interactions with the potential to optimize long-term performance, while only reducing uncertainty where conducive to this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Tim Seyde , Wilko Schwarting , Sertac Karaman , Daniela Rus

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable in-context learning (ICL) capabilities, yet their potential for sequential decision-making remains underexplored. In this paper, we study the ICL capabilities of LLMs in sequential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Minmin Zhang , Sina Aghaei , Soroush Saghafian

In recent years, reinforcement learning has achieved many remarkable successes due to the growing adoption of deep learning techniques and the rapid growth in computing power. Nevertheless, it is well-known that flat reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Le Pham Tuyen , Ngo Anh Vien , Abu Layek , TaeChoong Chung

This paper studies the sample-efficiency of learning in Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs), a challenging problem in reinforcement learning that is known to be exponentially hard in the worst-case. Motivated by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Jiacheng Guo , Minshuo Chen , Huan Wang , Caiming Xiong , Mengdi Wang , Yu Bai

Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) are the standard framework for decision-making under uncertainty. While sampling-based methods scale well, they lack formal correctness guarantees, making them unsuitable for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Debraj Chakraborty , Anirban Majumdar , Prince Mathew , Sayan Mukherjee , Jean-François Raskin

Model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) is sample-efficient but struggles in sparse reward settings. A critical bottleneck arises from the lack of informative gradients in sparse settings, where standard reward models often yield flat…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yao-Hui Li , Zeyu Wang , Xin Li , Wei Pang , Yingfang Yuan , Zhengkun Chen , Boya Zhang , Riashat Islam , Alex Lamb , Yonggang Zhang

This paper studies how to train machine-learning models that directly approximate the optimal solutions of constrained optimization problems. This is an empirical risk minimization under constraints, which is challenging as training must…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Seonho Park , Pascal Van Hentenryck

In this study, we present a deep learning-optimization framework to tackle dynamic mixed-integer programs. Specifically, we develop a bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) framework that can process information forward and backward in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Dogacan Yilmaz , İ. Esra Büyüktahtakın

The main feature of large-scale multi-objective optimization problems (LSMOP) is to optimize multiple conflicting objectives while considering thousands of decision variables at the same time. An efficient LSMOP algorithm should have the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Haokai Hong , Kai Ye , Min Jiang , Donglin Cao , Kay Chen Tan

Many key problems in machine learning and data science are routinely modeled as optimization problems and solved via optimization algorithms. With the increase of the volume of data and the size and complexity of the statistical models used…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-28 Filip Hanzely

Prompt optimization is essential for enhancing the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in a range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, particularly in scenarios of few-shot learning where training examples are incorporated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Dai Do , Quan Tran , Svetha Venkatesh , Hung Le

While reinforcement learning (RL) holds great potential for decision making in the real world, it suffers from a number of unique difficulties which often need specific consideration. In particular: it is highly non-stationary; suffers from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Alexander David Goldie , Chris Lu , Matthew Thomas Jackson , Shimon Whiteson , Jakob Nicolaus Foerster

Optimization problems are prevalent across various scenarios. Formulating and then solving optimization problems described by natural language often requires highly specialized human expertise, which could block the widespread application…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Caigao Jiang , Xiang Shu , Hong Qian , Xingyu Lu , Jun Zhou , Aimin Zhou , Yang Yu

Causal inference in continuous-time sequential decision problems is challenged by hidden confounders. We show that, in latent state-space models with time-varying interventions, observability of the latent dynamics from observed data is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Jennifer Wendland , Nicolas Freitag , Maik Kschischo

Autonomous agents are limited in their ability to observe the world state. Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) formally model the problem of planning under world state uncertainty, but POMDPs with continuous actions and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Dicong Qiu , Yibiao Zhao , Chris L. Baker

Direct preference optimization methods have emerged as a computationally efficient alternative to Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs). Latest approaches have streamlined the alignment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Maksim Afanasyev , Illarion Iov

Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) are a fundamental framework for decision-making under uncertainty and partial observability. Since in general optimal policies may require infinite memory, they are hard to implement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Muqsit Azeem , Debraj Chakraborty , Sudeep Kanav , Jan Kretinsky

This paper considers meta-learning problems, where there is a distribution of tasks, and we would like to obtain an agent that performs well (i.e., learns quickly) when presented with a previously unseen task sampled from this distribution.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Alex Nichol , Joshua Achiam , John Schulman

Machine learning (ML) is ubiquitous in modern life. Since it is being deployed in technologies that affect our privacy and safety, it is often crucial to understand the reasoning behind its decisions, warranting the need for explainable AI.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Alexey Ignatiev , Edward Lam , Peter J. Stuckey , Joao Marques-Silva

Multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL) approaches have emerged to tackle many real-world problems with multiple conflicting objectives by maximizing a joint objective function weighted by a preference vector. These approaches find…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Toygun Basaklar , Suat Gumussoy , Umit Y. Ogras