Related papers: The Graph Structure of Chebyshev Permutation Polyn…
Understanding the functional graph of a nonlinear map over a finite domain is crucial for analyzing its dynamical complexity and potential applications in cryptography and pseudorandom generation. In this paper, we investigate the graph…
We completely describe the functional graph associated to iterations of Chebyshev polynomials over finite fields. Then, we use our structural results to obtain estimates for the average rho length, average number of connected components and…
Understanding the periodic and structural properties of permutation maps over residue rings such as $\mathbb{Z}_{p^k}$ is a foundational challenge in algebraic dynamics and pseudorandom sequence analysis. Despite notable progress in…
Given a polynomial f and a finite field F one can construct a directed graph where the vertices are the values in the finite field, and emanating from each vertex is an edge joining the vertex to its image under f. When f is a Chebyshev…
For a given function from a set to itself, we can define a directed graph called the functional graph, where the vertices are the elements of the set, and the edges are all the pairs of inputs and outputs for the function. In this article…
We say that a digraph is essentially cyclic if its Laplacian spectrum is not completely real. The essential cyclicity implies the presence of directed cycles, but not vice versa. The problem of characterizing essential cyclicity in terms of…
Explicit formulas are obtained for the number of periodic points and maximum tail length of split polynomial maps over finite fields for affine and projective space. This work includes a detailed analysis of the structure of the directed…
The discrete logarithm is a problem that surfaces frequently in the field of cryptography as a result of using the transformation g^a mod n. This paper focuses on a prime modulus, p, for which it is shown that the basic structure of the…
We study functional graphs generated by quadratic polynomials over prime fields. We introduce efficient algorithms for methodical computations and provide the values of various direct and cumulative statistical parameters of interest. These…
We develop a diagrammatic categorification of the polynomial ring Z[x], based on a geometrically defined graded algebra. This construction generalizes to categorification of some special functions, such as Chebyshev polynomials.…
The dynamical structure of Chebyshev polynomials on $\mathbb{Z}_2$, the ring of $2$-adic integers, is fully described by showing all its minimal subsystems and their attracting basins.
Odd degree Chebyshev polynomials over a ring of modulo $2^w$ have two kinds of period. One is an "orbital period". Odd degree Chebyshev polynomials are bijection over the ring. Therefore, when an odd degree Chebyshev polynomial iterate…
We study the structure of linear codes over the ring $B_k$ which is defined by $\mathbb{F}_{p^r}[v_1,v_2,\ldots,v_k]/\langle v_i^2=v_i,~v_iv_j=v_jv_i \rangle_{i,j=1}^k.$ In order to study the codes, we begin with studying the structure of…
We give a method of generating strongly polynomial sequences of graphs, i.e., sequences $(H_{\mathbf{k}})$ indexed by a multivariate parameter $\mathbf{k}=(k_1,\ldots, k_h)$ such that, for each fixed graph $G$, there is a multivariate…
The paper systematically classifies rings based on the dominant metric dimensions (Ddim) of their associated CZDG, establishing consequential bounds for the Ddim of these compressed zero-divisor graphs. The authors investigate the interplay…
In this paper, we generalize the notion of functional graph. Specifically, given an equation $E(X,Y) = 0$ with variables $X$ and $Y$ over a finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$ of odd characteristic, we define a digraph by choosing the elements in…
Let $e$ be a positive integer, $p$ be an odd prime, $q=p^{e}$, and $\Bbb F_q$ be the finite field of $q$ elements. Let $f,g \in \Bbb F_q [X,Y]$. The graph $G=G_q(f,g)$ is a bipartite graph with vertex partitions $P=\Bbb F_q^3$ and $L=\Bbb…
The problem of finding graph structure of functions commuting with a given function in terms of their functional graphs is considered. Structure of functional graphs of commuting functions is described. The problem is reduced to describing…
A permutation is called layered if it consists of the disjoint union of substrings (layers) so that the entries decrease within each layer, and increase between the layers. We find the generating function for the number of permutations on…
Graph polynomials encode fundamental combinatorial invariants of graphs. Their computation is investigated using tree and path decomposition frameworks, with formal definitions of treewidth, k-trees, and pathwidth establishing the…