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Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are hybrid quantum-classical approaches used for tackling a wide range of problems on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. Testing these algorithms on relevant hardware is crucial to…

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) face an inherent trade-off between expressivity and trainability: deeper circuits can represent richer states but suffer from noise accumulation and barren plateaus, while shallow circuits remain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-31 Shaojun Wu , Shan Jin , Abolfazl Bayat , Xiaoting Wang

Variational quantum algorithms are a class of techniques intended to be used on near-term quantum computers. The goal of these algorithms is to perform large quantum computations by breaking the problem down into a large number of shallow…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-24 Ryan Shaffer , Lucas Kocia , Mohan Sarovar

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs), as one of the most promising routes in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era, offer various potential applications while also confront severe challenges due to near-term quantum hardware…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-12 Shi-Xin Zhang , Jiaqi Miao , Chang-Yu Hsieh

Variational quantum circuits build the foundation for various classes of quantum algorithms. In a nutshell, the weights of a parametrized quantum circuit are varied until the empirical sampling distribution of the circuit is sufficiently…

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have been proposed as one of the most promising approaches to demonstrate quantum advantage on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. However, it has been unclear whether VQAs can maintain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-15 Shigeo Hakkaku , Yuichiro Tashima , Kosuke Mitarai , Wataru Mizukami , Keisuke Fujii

The quantum critical regime marks a zone in the phase diagram where quantum fluctuation around the critical point plays a significant role at finite temperatures. While it is of great physical interest, simulation of the quantum critical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-09 Zhi-Quan Shi , Xu-Dan Xie , Dan-Bo Zhang

An important application for near-term quantum computing lies in optimization tasks, with applications ranging from quantum chemistry and drug discovery to machine learning. In many settings --- most prominently in so-called parametrized or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-27 Maria Schuld , Ville Bergholm , Christian Gogolin , Josh Izaac , Nathan Killoran

Parameterized quantum circuits play an essential role in the performance of many variational hybrid quantum-classical (HQC) algorithms. One challenge in implementing such algorithms is to choose an effective circuit that well represents the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-15 Sukin Sim , Peter D. Johnson , Alan Aspuru-Guzik

Lattice gauge theories are a fascinating and rich class of theories relating to the most fundamental models of particle physics, and as experimental control on the quantum level increases there is a growing interest in non-equilibrium…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-03 Simon Panyella Pedersen , Nikolaj Thomas Zinner

Gradient estimation is a central challenge in training parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) for hybrid quantum-classical optimization and learning problems. This difficulty arises from several factors, including the exponential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-25 Mohsen Heidari , Masih Mozakka , Wojciech Szpankowski

Parameterized quantum circuits can be used as quantum neural networks and have the potential to outperform their classical counterparts when trained for addressing learning problems. To date, much of the results on their performance on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-13 Junyu Liu , Khadijeh Najafi , Kunal Sharma , Francesco Tacchino , Liang Jiang , Antonio Mezzacapo

Quantum compiling aims to construct a quantum circuit V by quantum gates drawn from a native gate alphabet, which is functionally equivalent to the target unitary U. It is a crucial stage for the running of quantum algorithms on noisy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-23 Zhimin He , Lvzhou Li , Shenggen Zheng , Yongyao Li , Haozhen Situ

Benchmarks that concisely summarize the performance of many-qubit quantum computers are essential for measuring progress towards the goal of useful quantum computation. In this work, we present a benchmarking framework that is based on…

The calculation time for the energy of atoms and molecules scales exponentially with system size on a classical computer but polynomially using quantum algorithms. We demonstrate that such algorithms can be applied to problems of chemical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Alán Aspuru-Guzik , Anthony D. Dutoi , Peter J. Love , Martin Head-Gordon

In the era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers, variational quantum algorithms are promising approaches for solving optimization tasks by training parameterized quantum circuits with the aid of classical routines informed by…

In this paper, we investigate the use of variational quantum algorithms for simulating the thermodynamic properties of dinuclear metal complexes. Our study highlights the potential of quantum computing to transform advanced simulations and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-28 Ana Clara das Neves Silva , Clebson Cruz

Dissipation engineering has attracted growing interest as an approach to controlling open quantum systems through engineered system-environment interactions. Standard variational quantum circuits are usually built from unitary operations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Yuan Yao , Ruipeng Xing , Yongjian Gu , Yiming Huang , Xiao Yuan

Classical optimization of parameterized quantum circuits is a widely studied methodology for the preparation of complex quantum states, as well as the solution of machine learning and optimization problems. However, it is well known that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-18 Abhinav Deshpande , Marcel Hinsche , Khadijeh Najafi , Kunal Sharma , Ryan Sweke , Christa Zoufal

With the increased focus on quantum circuit learning for near-term applications on quantum devices, in conjunction with unique challenges presented by cost function landscapes of parametrized quantum circuits, strategies for effective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-10 Andrea Skolik , Jarrod R. McClean , Masoud Mohseni , Patrick van der Smagt , Martin Leib